You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT JAMA
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 241 No. 19, May 11, 1979 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  JAMA
  •  Online Features
  ARTICLE
 This Article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in JAMA

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study

W. B. Kannel and D. L. McGee

Based on 20 years of surveillance of the Framingham cohort relating subsequent cardiovascular events to prior evidence of diabetes, a twofold to threefold increased risk of clinical atherosclerotic disease was reported. The relative impact was greatest for intermittent claudication (IC) and congestive heart failure (CHF) and least for coronary heart disease (CHD), which was, nevertheless, on an absolute scale the chief sequela. The relative impact was substantially greater for women than for men. For each of the cardiovascular diseases (CVD), morbidity and mortality were higher for diabetic women than for nondiabetic men. After adjustment for other associated risk factors, the relative impact of diabetes on CHD, IC, or stroke incidence was the same for women as for men; for CVD death and CHF, it was greater for women. Cardiovascular mortality was actually about as great for diabetic women as for diabetic men.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

The diabetes-cardiovascular risk paradox: results from a Finnish population-based prospective study
Barengo et al.
Eur Heart J 2008;29:1889-1895.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduction in the Recurrence of Stroke by Eicosapentaenoic Acid for Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Subanalysis of the JELIS Trial
Tanaka et al.
Stroke 2008;39:2052-2058.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Beyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Mozaffarian et al.
Circulation 2008;117:3031-3038.
FULL TEXT  

Life and Death in Denmark: Lessons About Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease
Goldfine and Beckman
Circulation 2008;117:1914-1917.
FULL TEXT  

Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
Fowler
Clin. Diabetes 2008;26:77-82.
FULL TEXT  

Intake of Vegetables, Legumes, and Fruit, and Risk for All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in a European Diabetic Population
Nothlings et al.
J. Nutr. 2008;138:775-781.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Common -866G>A Variant in the Promoter of UCP2 Is Associated With Decreased Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Men
Cheurfa et al.
Diabetes 2008;57:1063-1068.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Nature and prognostic importance of abnormal glucose tolerance and diabetes in acute heart failure
Berry et al.
Heart 2008;94:296-304.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic Variability: Should we and can we prevent it?
Monnier and Colette
Diabetes Care 2008;31:S150-S154.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in People With Dysglycemia
Bianchi et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:S208-S214.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

High glucose enhances lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD14 expression in U937 mononuclear cells by increasing nuclear factor {kappa}B and AP-1 activities
Nareika et al.
J Endocrinol 2008;196:45-55.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking, Fasting Serum Insulin, and Obesity Are the Predictors of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Relatively Young Subjects
Naya et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2008;58:677-684.
ABSTRACT  

Hyperglycemia suppresses hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I expression
Murao et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;294:E78-E87.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thiazolidinediones and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Patients With Diabetes
Lipscombe et al.
JAMA 2007;298:2634-2643.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

State of the Art Reviews: Relationship Between Diet/ Physical Activity and Health
O'Neil and Nicklas
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2007;1:457-481.
ABSTRACT  

Mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus
Kapur and De Palma
Heart 2007;93:1504-1506.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Interaction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Preconditioning, and Postconditioning
Ferdinandy et al.
Pharmacol. Rev. 2007;59:418-458.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

C-Reactive Protein in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Otter et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:3080-3082.
FULL TEXT  

Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Ischemic Stroke: Epidemiology and possible mechanisms
Air and Kissela
Diabetes Care 2007;30:3131-3140.
FULL TEXT  

Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Middle-Aged Asymptomatic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Turkish Population
Ugur-Altun et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2007;58:535-542.
ABSTRACT  

Long-Term Impact of Diabetes and Its Comorbidities in Patients Undergoing Isolated Primary Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Mohammadi et al.
Circulation 2007;116:I-220-I-225.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycaemic control IS important
Day and Bailey
British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 2007;7:197-198.
 

Vascular disease in a population-based cohort of individuals hospitalised with coeliac disease
Ludvigsson et al.
Heart 2007;93:1111-1115.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET)
Torp-Pedersen et al.
Heart 2007;93:968-973.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Metabolic Mechanisms in Heart Failure
Ashrafian et al.
Circulation 2007;116:434-448.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between glycosylated hemoglobin, left ventricular mass and aortic function in nondiabetic individuals with insulin resistance
Stakos et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157:63-68.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Strict glycemic control reduces EuroSCORE expected mortality in diabetic patients undergoing myocardial revascularization
D'Alessandro et al.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2007;134:29-37.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Cheung et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1742-1746.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Revisited
Boudina and Abel
Circulation 2007;115:3213-3223.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associations of Diabetes Mellitus With Total Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy With and Without Cardiovascular Disease
Franco et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1145-1151.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: full text: The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Authors/Task Force Members et al.
Eur Heart J Suppl 2007;9:C3-C74.
FULL TEXT  

Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Hypercortisolemia in Polynesian Patients Treated With Antipsychotic Medication
Poa and Edgar
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1425-1429.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Negrean et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1236-1243.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Men and Women: Impact of microvascular complications, treatment, and geographic location
Avogaro et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1241-1247.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Chromium Treatment Has No Effect in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Western Population: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Kleefstra et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1092-1096.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Activation of Sphingosine Kinase-1 Mediates Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis by Hyperglycemia
You et al.
Diabetes 2007;56:1445-1453.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fluid Retention With Thiazolidinediones: Does the Mechanism Influence the Outcome?
Lindenfeld and Masoudi
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1705-1707.
FULL TEXT  

Sex-Specific Determinants of Left Ventricular Mass in Pre-Diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: The Augsburg Diabetes Family Study
Kuch et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:946-952.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Microalbuminuria Is Common in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A nationwide survey from the Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group (JDDM 10)
Yokoyama et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:989-992.
FULL TEXT  

Incidence and Risk Factors for Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: The DAI Study
Giorda et al.
Stroke 2007;38:1154-1160.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glucose Levels Predict Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk
Held et al.
Circulation 2007;115:1371-1375.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lower plasma adiponectin is a marker of increased intima-media thickness associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and with male gender
Dullaart et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156:387-394.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Advanced Glycation End Products and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease
Lapolla et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:670-676.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization on Morbidity and Mortality of Diabetic Patients With Severe Heart Failure
Hoppe et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:722-724.
FULL TEXT  

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling Impairs Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization and Function in Diabetes
Thum et al.
Diabetes 2007;56:666-674.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cerebral vascular dysfunction in TallyHo mice: a new model of Type II diabetes
Didion et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007;292:H1579-H1583.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Camici and Crea
NEJM 2007;356:830-840.
FULL TEXT  

Transcriptomic analysis of the cardiac left ventricle in a rodent model of diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular snapshot of a severe myocardial disease
Glyn-Jones et al.
Physiol. Genomics 2007;28:284-293.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary: The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Authors/Task Force Members et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:88-136.
FULL TEXT  

Diabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons
Arvanitakis et al.
Neurology 2006;67:1960-1965.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Protein Kinase C {beta}/Early Growth Response-1 Pathway: A Key Player in Ischemia, Atherosclerosis, and Restenosis
Yan et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:A47-A55.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

APOE4-VLDL Inhibits the HDL-Activated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway via the Phosphoinositol Phosphatase SHIP2
DeKroon et al.
Circ. Res. 2006;99:829-836.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Addition of dietary fat to cholesterol in the diets of LDL receptor knockout mice: effects on plasma insulin, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis
Wu et al.
J. Lipid Res. 2006;47:2215-2222.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exercise training prevents Ca2+ dysregulation in coronary smooth muscle from diabetic dyslipidemic yucatan swine
Witczak et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2006;101:752-762.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Recent Advances of Intervention to Inhibit Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yokoyama et al.
Stroke 2006;37:2420-2427.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of experimental type 1 diabetes and exercise training on angiogenic gene expression and capillarization in skeletal muscle
Kivela et al.
FASEB J. 2006;20:1570-1572.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coincident linkage of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and measures of cardiovascular disease in a genome scan of the diabetes heart study.
Bowden et al.
Diabetes 2006;55:1985-1994.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular Event Prevention in the Person With Type 2 Diabetes: Case Examples for Identifying and Treating Multiple Risks
Balasubramanyam et al.
The Diabetes Educator 2006;32:163S-173S.
FULL TEXT  

Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Goldstein et al.
Circulation 2006;113:e873-e923.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk awareness and knowledge of patients with stroke: results of a questionnaire survey 3 months after stroke
Croquelois and Bogousslavsky
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2006;77:726-728.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hyperglycemia Stimulates Coagulation, Whereas Hyperinsulinemia Impairs Fibrinolysis in Healthy Humans
Stegenga et al.
Diabetes 2006;55:1807-1812.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypercholesterolemia Reduces Collateral Artery Growth More Dominantly Than Hyperglycemia or Insulin Resistance in Mice
van Weel et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2006;26:1383-1390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Goldstein et al.
Stroke 2006;37:1583-1633.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Efficacy of drug eluting stents in patients with and without diabetes mellitus: indirect comparison of controlled trials
Stettler et al.
Heart 2006;92:650-657.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Activation of Oxidative Stress by Acute Glucose Fluctuations Compared With Sustained Chronic Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Monnier et al.
JAMA 2006;295:1681-1687.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Management of Dyslipidemia in Special Populations
Tovar and Schering
Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2006;19:63-78.
ABSTRACT  

Prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes in secondary care: association with cardiovascular risk factors.
Daousi et al.
Postgrad. Med. J. 2006;82:280-284.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Sacco et al.
Circulation 2006;113:e409-e449.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetes and Function in Different Cognitive Systems in Older Individuals Without Dementia.
Arvanitakis et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:560-565.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Aortic function is compromised in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Lakhani et al.
Hum Reprod 2006;21:651-656.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Herrero et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:598-604.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.
Sacco et al.
Stroke 2006;37:577-617.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies
Huxley et al.
BMJ 2006;332:73-78.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Myocardial infarction and heart failure in the db/db diabetic mouse
Greer et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006;290:H146-H153.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Rosiglitazone Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Leukocyte Adhesion in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat
Johns et al.
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005;315:1020-1027.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Movahed et al.
Chest 2005;128:3568-3571.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Effects of Race and Region on Cardiovascular Morbidity Among Elderly Americans With Diabetes
Bertoni et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:2620-2625.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased Prevalence of Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Movahed et al.
Chest 2005;128:2611-2614.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

PKC-{varepsilon}-dependent survival signals in diabetic hearts
Malhotra et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005;289:H1343-H1350.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hyperglycemia alters PI3k and Akt signaling and leads to endothelial cell proliferative dysfunction
Varma et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005;289:H1744-H1751.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Activation of PPAR{gamma} enhances myocardial glucose oxidation and improves contractile function in isolated working hearts of ZDF rats
Golfman et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;289:E328-E336.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glucose for the Heart: Too Much of a Good Thing?
Taegtmeyer
J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:49-50.
FULL TEXT  

Should Diabetes Be Considered a Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent?: Results from 25 years of follow-up in the Renfrew and Paisley Survey
Whiteley et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:1588-1593.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation
Ramasamy et al.
Glycobiology 2005;15:16R-28R.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetes Induces Endothelial Dysfunction but Does Not Increase Neointimal Formation in High-Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6J Mice
Molnar et al.
Circ. Res. 2005;96:1178-1184.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impaired Fasting Glucose and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women with Coronary Artery Disease
Kanaya et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2005;142:813-820.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pioglitazone Decreases Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Independently of Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results From a Controlled Randomized Study
Langenfeld et al.
Circulation 2005;111:2525-2531.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduction in Cardiovascular Events With Atorvastatin in 2,532 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA)
Sever et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:1151-1157.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased blood pressure in the offspring of diabetic mothers
Wichi et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005;288:R1129-R1133.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Overexpression of Hyaluronan in the Tunica Media Promotes the Development of Atherosclerosis
Chai et al.
Circ. Res. 2005;96:583-591.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetic dyslipidemia and exercise affect coronary tone and differential regulation of conduit and microvessel K+ current
Mokelke et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005;288:H1233-H1241.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Repaglinide Administration Improves Brachial Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Manzella et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:366-371.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thiazolidinediones
Bloomgarden
Diabetes Care 2005;28:488-493.
FULL TEXT  

Retinopathy and Risk of Congestive Heart Failure
Wong et al.
JAMA 2005;293:63-69.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Myocardial Blood Flow Measurement by PET: Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications
Kaufmann and Camici
JNM 2005;46:75-88.
FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1979 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.