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Herbert L. Needleman, MD; Michael Rabinowitz, PhD; Alan Leviton, MD; Shai Linn, MD; Stephen Schoenbaum, MD

JAMA. 1984;251(22):2956-2959.

Abstract
We obtained umbilical cord blood from 5,183 consecutive deliveries of at least 20 weeks' gestation and analyzed them for lead concentration. Those demographic and socioeconomic variables, including lead, which were shown on univariate analysis to be associated with increased risk for congenital anomalies were evaluated and controlled by entering them into a stepwise logistic-regression model with malformation as the outcome. Coffee, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, which were associated with lead level, but not risk of malformation, were also controlled. The model was reduced in steps by eliminating the variables with the highest P value, until the most parsimonious model was created. The relative risk for anomalies associated with lead was then calculated while holding other covariates constant. Lead was found to be associated, in a dose-related fashion, with an increased risk for minor anomalies.

(JAMA 1984;251:2956-2959)

Author Affiliations
From the Mental Retardation Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pittsburgh (Drs Rabinowitz and Leviton), the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Dr Needleman), the Harvard University Graduate School of Public Health (Dr Linn), and the Harvard Community Health Plan (Dr Schoenbaum), Cambridge, Mass.

Footnotes
Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 125 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (Dr Needleman).

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