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Andrew L. Evans, MD; Baruch A. Brody, PhD

JAMA. 1985;253(15):2236-2239.

Abstract
We studied the use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders at three teaching hospitals that did not have official protocols for such orders to see whether their use meets the goals (decision making before a crisis and promoting patient autonomy) that have been identified for such orders. We found that 20% of all patients had or were being considered for DNR orders, that the patient and/or family was usually involved (83%) in the decision not to resuscitate, but rarely involved (25%) in decisions to resuscitate, or in cases of no decision, that a wide range of care was provided to patients with a DNR status, and that partial resuscitative efforts would be employed in some cases. Our main conclusion in light of our findings is that DNR orders are currently not fulfilling their major goals. We offer six proposals for improving future DNR protocols.

(JAMA 1985;253:2236-2239)

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Medicine (Drs Evans & Brody) and the Center for Ethics, Medicine, and Public Issues (Dr Brody), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.

Footnotes
Reprint requests to Center for Ethics, Medicine, and Public Issues, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 (Dr Brody).

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