This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (46)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in JAMA  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

A Placebo Substitution Trial

John R. Hughes, MD; Dorothy K. Hatsukami, PhD; Kelli P. Skoog

JAMA. 1986;255(23):3277-3279.

Abstract
To test whether ex-smokers become physically dependent on nicotine in gum, we entered eight ex-smokers who were using nicotine gum into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-substitution trial. When placebo was substituted, seven of the eight subjects were observed to have withdrawal symptoms and two relapsed to smoking or nicotine gum. This result suggests that physical dependence (ie, withdrawal) may be a cause of behavioral dependence on nicotine gum (ie, use of gum beyond the recommended period) and physicians should emphasize the need for gradual reduction of nicotine gum.

(JAMA 1986;255:3277-3279)

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Dr Hughes is now with the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Footnotes
Presented at the annual meeting of the Committee on Problems in Drug Dependence, Baltimore, June 10, 1984.

Reprint requests to Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 (Dr Hughes).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Treatment of tobacco dependence: integrating recent progress into practice
Le Foll and George
CMAJ 2007;177:1373-1380.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term Use of Nicotine vs Placebo Gum
Hughes et al.
Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1993-1998.
ABSTRACT  

Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal: A Replication and Extension
Hughes et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:52-59.
ABSTRACT  

Long-term Use of Nicotine Chewing Gum: Occurrence, Determinants, and Effect on Weight Gain
Hajek et al.
JAMA 1988;260:1593-1596.
ABSTRACT  

Effects of Transdermal Clonidine Treatment on Withdrawal Symptoms Associated With Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Ornish et al.
Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2027-2031.
ABSTRACT  

Dependence on Nicotine Chewing Gum
West
JAMA 1986;256:3214-3215.
ABSTRACT