Determination of gestational cocaine exposure by hair analysis
K. Graham, G. Koren, J. Klein, J. Schneiderman and M. Greenwald
Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Drug self-reports are often unreliable and standard blood and urine tests
detect only recent cocaine use. Since cocaine is deposited in hair, we have
applied a radioimmunoassay to hair extract to detect past cocaine use. Hair
from 16 adult users was positive for benzoylecgonine, in the presence of
negative findings from urine screening tests. Benzoylecgonine in admitted
heavy users averaged 8775 ng/g of hair (range, 640 to 29,089 ng/g of hair),
whereas in occasional users it averaged 624 ng/g of hair (range, 32 to 1210
ng/g of hair). Benzoylecgonine was not detected in hair of 21 adults who
reported no use of cocaine ever and whose urine samples were negative for
the metabolite. Neonatal hair from seven infants whose mothers were known
cocaine users averaged 5430 ng of benzoylecgonine per gram of hair (range,
200 to 27500 ng/g of hair). Hair from two infants 2.5 and 3.5 months of age
averaged 6050 ng of benzoylecgonine per gram of hair. However, values were
negative for infants 1 year and older, corresponding to loss of fetal hair
in the few months after birth. Because studies reporting reproductive risks
of cocaine compare exposed and nonexposed groups, validation of drug-free
status of control subjects is extremely important. Hair analysis may remedy
the disadvantages of currently used methods and may identify intrauterine
exposure to cocaine in babies when a maternal drug history is not available
or of doubtful truthfulness.
Methamphetamine detection in maternal and neonatal hair: implications for fetal safety
Garcia-Bournissen et al.
Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92:351-355.
ABSTRACT
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Chronic Cocaine Exposure in a Toddler Revealed by Hair Test
Taguchi et al.
CLIN PEDIATR 2007;46:272-275.
Comparison of meconium and neonatal hair analysis for detection of gestational exposure to drugs of abuse
Bar-Oz et al.
Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88:F98-F100.
ABSTRACT
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Relationship between Levels of Indinavir in Hair and Virologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Bernard et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2002;137:656-659.
ABSTRACT
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Police Drug Testing, Hair Analysis, and the Issue of Race Bias
Mieczkowski et al.
Criminal Justice Review 2002;27:124-140.
ABSTRACT
m-Hydroxy Benzoylecgonine Recovery in Fetal Guinea Pigs
Iwamoto et al.
Drug Metab. Dispos. 2000;28:335-338.
ABSTRACT
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Dose-Response Effect of Fetal Cocaine Exposure on Newborn Neurologic Function
Chiriboga et al.
Pediatrics 1999;103:79-85.
ABSTRACT
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Neurological Correlates of Fetal Cocaine Exposure
CHIRIBOGA
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1998;846:109-125.
ABSTRACT
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Detection of intrauterine illicit drug exposure by newborn drug testing
Kwong and Ryan
Clin. Chem. 1997;43:235-242.
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The Use of Hair Analysis in a Pretrial Diversion Program in New Orleans
Mieczkowski et al.
Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 1995;39:222-241.
ABSTRACT
Automated Monitoring of Outcomes: Application to Treatment of Drug Abuse
Alemi et al.
Med Decis Making 1994;14:180-187.
ABSTRACT
Alcohol and Drug Use in the Workplace: Issues, Controversies, and Directions for Future Research
Harris and Heft
Journal of Management 1992;18:239-266.
ABSTRACT
New Approaches in Drug Testings: A Review of Hair Analysis
MIECZKOWSKI
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1992;521:132-150.
ABSTRACT
HAIR ANALYSIS FOR DETECTION OF GESTATIONAL COCAINE EXPOSURE
JWatch General 1989;1989:7-7.
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