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Surveillance Using Newborn Blood Samples

Marta Gwinn, MD, MPH; Marguerite Pappaioanou, DVM, PhD; J. Richard George, PhD; W. Harry Hannon, PhD; Shari C. Wasser, MS, MPH; Martha A. Redus; Rodney Hoff, DSc; George F. Grady, MD; Anne Willoughby, MD, MPH; Antonia C. Novello, MD, MPH; Lyle R. Petersen, MD; Timothy J. Dondero, Jr, MD; James W. Curran, MD, MPH

JAMA. 1991;265(13):1704-1708.

Abstract
A national, population-based survey was initiated in 1988 to measure the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women giving birth to infants in the United States. Following standardized procedures, residual dried-blood specimens collected on filter paper for newborn metabolic screening were tested anonymously in state public health laboratories for maternal antibody to HIV. As of September 1990, annual survey data were available from 38 states and the District of Columbia. The highest HIV seroprevalence rates were observed in New York (5.8 per 1000), the District of Columbia (5.5 per 1000), New Jersey (4.9 per 1000), and Florida (4.5 per 1000). Nationwide, an estimated 1.5 per 1000 women giving birth to infants in 1989 were infected with HIV. Assuming a perinatal transmission rate of 30%, we estimate that approximately 1800 newborns acquired HIV infection during one 12-month period. Preventing transmission of HIV infection to women and infants is an urgent public health priority.

(JAMA. 1991;265:1704-1708)

Author Affiliations
From the Division of HIV/AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases (Drs Gwinn, Pappaioanou, George, Petersen, Dondero, and Curran and Mss Wasser and Redus), and Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control (Dr Hannon), Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga; Massachusetts Department of Health, Boston (Drs Hoff and Grady); and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (Drs Willoughby and Novello). Dr Pappaioanou is now with the Division of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga; and Dr Hoff, with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC. Dr Novello is now Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC.

Footnotes
Reprint requests to Technical Information Activity, Division of HIV/AIDS, Mailstop E-49, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 (Dr Gwinn).

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