Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus
N. S. Padian, S. C. Shiboski and N. P. Jewell
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.
OBJECTIVE.--To examine rates of heterosexual transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated risk factors and to determine
the relative efficiency of female-to-male and male-to-female transmission.
DESIGN.--Survey of infected individuals and their heterosexual partners
recruited since 1985. SETTING.--Participants were recruited from various
HIV counseling and testing sites throughout California but were generally
interviewed and tested in their homes. PARTICIPANTS.--Data from 379 couples
at entry to the study are reported: 72 male partners of infected women and
307 female partners of infected men. The infected index case had a
well-established source of risk; couples were eliminated if the direction
of transmission could not be established. The majority of couples were
monogamous since 1978, white, and in their 30s. Most partners did not know
their serostatus at entry into the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE.--HIV
serostatus in the exposed sexual partner. RESULTS.--We observed one
probable instance (1%) of female-to-male transmission compared with 20%
transmission rates in the female partners of infected men. All couples were
sampled in the same way. Male index cases were more likely to be
symptomatic than female index cases. CONCLUSION.--The odds of
male-to-female transmission were significantly greater than female-to-male
transmission. The one case of female-to-male transmission was unique in
that the couple reported numerous unprotected sexual contacts and noted
several instances of vaginal and penile bleeding during intercourse.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Counseling Strategies to Improve Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Men Who Have Sex with Men
Zaric et al.
Med Decis Making 2008;28:359-376.
ABSTRACT
Reasons for Testing and Clinical and Demographic Profile of Adolescents With Non-Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection
Grant et al.
Pediatrics 2006;117:e468-e475.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Memory CD4+ T Cells Are the Earliest Detectable Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Cells in the Female Genital Mucosal Tissue during HIV-1 Transmission in an Organ Culture System
Gupta et al.
J. Virol. 2002;76:9868-9876.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Changes in condom use after HIV diagnosis
Skrondal et al.
Scand J Public Health 2000;28:71-76.
ABSTRACT
Postexposure Prophylaxis After Nonoccupational HIV Exposure: Clinical, Ethical, and Policy Considerations
Lurie et al.
JAMA 1998;280:1769-1773.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Repertoire of Chemokine Receptor Expression in the Female Genital Tract : Implications for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission
Patterson et al.
Am. J. Pathol. 1998;153:481-490.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
HIV Prevalence, Risk, and Partner Serodiscordance Among Pregnant Women in Bangkok
Siriwasin et al.
JAMA 1998;280:49-54.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
"It's Like You Use Pots and Pans to Cook. It's the Tool": The Technologies of Safer Sex
Moore
Science Technology Human Values 1997;22:434-471.
ABSTRACT
Implications of Increased Infectivity in Early-Stage HIV Infection: Application of a Bernoulli-Process Model of HIV Transmission
Pinkerton and Abramson
Eval Rev 1996;20:516-540.
ABSTRACT
Partner Notification and the Threat of Domestic Violence against Women with HIV Infection
North and Rothernberg
NEJM 1993;329:1194-1196.
FULL TEXT
HETEROSEXUAL HIV TRANSMISSION IN THE U.S. AND AFRICA
JWatch General 1991;1991:6-6.
FULL TEXT