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Access to Prenatal Care Following Major Medicaid Eligibility Expansions
Paula Braveman, MD, MPH;
Trude Bennett, DrPH;
Charlotte Lewis, MNS, RD;
Susan Egerter, PhD;
Jonathan Showstack, MPH
JAMA. 1993;269(10):1285-1289.
Abstract
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Objective.
—To determine whether lack of financial access was a significant barrier to prenatal care following major expansions of Medicaid eligibility in California.
Design.
—Retrospective analysis of birth certificates, assessing risks of inadequate prenatal care by insurance, controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, birthplace, age, parity, education, and marital status.
Sample.
—Singleton live births to California residents occurring in-state in 1990 (N=593 510).
Outcome Measures.
—Untimely initiation of care, too few visits, and no prenatal care.
Results.
—Despite major Medicaid expansions, nearly 11% of live births were uninsured for prenatal care. Being uninsured and having Medi-Cal were both risk factors of sizable magnitude, controlling for maternal characteristics. Compared with women who had private fee-for-service coverage, uninsured women were at elevated risk of untimely initiation (odds ratio [OR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.47 to 2.60) and too few visits (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.44 to 2.55). Women with Medi-Cal had a high risk of untimely care (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 3.26 to 3.40); their risk of too few visits was also elevated (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.60 to 1.66) but less than for the uninsured. Lack of private insurance was a strong risk factor for no care (OR, 6.70; 95% CI, 6.00 to 7.47).
Conclusions.
—In spite of major Medicaid expansions, access to prenatal care was limited for women without private insurance. Medicaid was associated with untimely entry but with improved continuity. The findings suggest that financial barriers were salient even when controlling for many factors related to care-seeking behavior. Policy initiatives need to address continuing financial barriers along with other obstacles.
(JAMA. 1993;269:1285-1289)
Author Affiliations
From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Drs Braveman, Bennett, and Egerter) and the Institute for Health Policy Studies (Drs Braveman and Bennett and Mr Showstack), School of Medicine (Ms Lewis), University of California, San Francisco.
Footnotes
The conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the University of California or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Mich. The Health Data and Statistics Branch of the California Department of Health Services was the original source of the vital statistics data. All analyses, interpretations, and conclusions are the responsibility of the authors, not the California Department of Health Services.
Reprint requests to Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0900, San Francisco, CA 94143 (Dr Braveman).
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