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Moderate Caffeine Use and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Intrauterine Growth Retardation
James L. Mills, MD, MS;
Lewis B. Holmes, MD;
Jerome H. Aarons, MD;
Joe Leigh Simpson, MD;
Zane A. Brown, MD;
Lois G. Jovanovic-Peterson, MD;
Mary R. Conley, MA;
Barry I. Graubard, PhD;
Robert H. Knopp, MD;
Boyd E. Metzger, MD
JAMA. 1993;269(5):593-597.
Abstract
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Objective.
—To examine the relationship between caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation.
Design, Setting, and Patients.
—A cohort of 431 women, enrolled in a multicenter study within 21 days of conception, was monitored throughout pregnancy to determine (1) caffeine exposure, (2) exposure to other risk factors, (3) fetal growth as assessed by ultrasonography, and (4) pregnancy outcome.
Outcome Measures.
—Spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth, birth weight, and head circumference.
Results.
—The mean (±SD) first-trimester caffeine consumption was not significantly higher in women who aborted (125.9± 123.1 mg) than in women who delivered liveborn infants (111.6±107.0 mg) (P=34). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for spontaneous abortion was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 1.49). Early fetal growth, assessed by crown-rump length on ultrasonographic examination, was not affected by caffeine. Although the group consuming the most caffeine (>300 mg/d) had a significantly higher proportion of babies with birth weights and head circumferences below the 10th percentile in the crude analysis, the association with caffeine was no longer significant when other risk factors (notably smoking) were taken into account. The adjusted ORs were 1.11 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.40) for decreased birth weight and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.86 to 1.37) for smaller head circumference.
Conclusions.
—Close monitoring of a cohort identified very soon after conception enabled us to identify all abortions after 21 days postconception, monitor intrauterine growth prospectively, and track caffeine use. Despite this intensive surveillance, we found no evidence that moderate caffeine use increased the risk of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, or microcephaly after accounting for other risk factors.
(JAMA. 1993;269:593-597)
Author Affiliations
From the Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Dr Mills and Ms Conley); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (Dr Holmes); Department of Medicine, Magee Women's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) (Dr Aarons); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee-Memphis (Dr Simpson); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dr Brown) and Medicine (Dr Knopp), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Sansum Research Foundation, Santa Barbara, Calif (Dr Jovanovic-Peterson); National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Dr Graubard); Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill (Dr Metzger).
Footnotes
Reprint requests to Pediatric Epidemiology Section, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Building, Room 7B03, Bethesda, MD 20892 (Dr Mills).
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