Clinical experience with penicillin skin testing in a large inner-city STD clinic

J. Gadde, M. Spence, B. Wheeler and N. F. Adkinson Jr
Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

OBJECTIVE--To establish (1) the prevalence of positive penicillin skin tests among outpatients with well-defined but variable history of penicillin allergy and (2) the reproducibility, safety, and negative predictive value of skin testing with benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (PPL) and a minor-determinant mixture (MDM). DESIGN--Serial consenting outpatients with current indications for penicillin therapy were skin-tested in duplicate with PPL and MDM. Subjects with negative skin tests (93% of those positive by history and 95% of those negative by history) received therapeutic courses of benzylpenicillin (81%) or ampicillin (19%). Negative predictive value of skin testing was established by 72-hour follow-up for adverse reactions to drug. SETTING/PATIENTS--A total of 5063 consecutive, qualifying outpatients in a Baltimore, Md, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. The study group was young (73% between 20 and 40 years old), 66% male, and 90% black; 25% had history of atopy. Follow-up was 94% complete. RESULTS--Positive skin tests were observed in 7.1% of 776 individuals with previous history of penicillin allergy and in 1.7% of 4287 subjects negative by history (P << .001). Previous history of anaphylaxis or urticaria was associated with significantly higher rates of positive skin tests of 17.3% and 12.4%, respectively (P<<.001). Only 4% with history of exanthem had positive skin tests (P = .03). The coefficient of variation for duplicate skin tests was 11%. Time intervals since last penicillin treatment did not influence the rate of positive skin tests. Adverse reactions to skin tests occurred in 13 (1.2% of patients positive by history; 9.4% of those with positive skin tests). A mild anaphylactic reaction occurred in one individual whose preliminary scratch testing was inadvertently omitted; systemic pruritus or urticaria occurred in 11 subjects; one had a large local reaction. After penicillin administration to individuals with negative skin tests, acute allergic reactions occurred in 0.5% of subjects negative by history compared with 2.9% of subjects positive by history (chi 2 = 33.3; P = .0001). Reactions were generally mild and self-limited; only two cases of mild anaphylactic reaction occurred, both in patients with history of severe IgE-mediated reaction. CONCLUSIONS--Skin testing with both major and minor penicillin determinants is safe using current recommendations, and both reagents are necessary for maximizing the identification of sensitized subjects. Routine penicillin skin testing can facilitate the safe use of penicillin in 90% of individuals with a previous history of penicillin allergy.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Intrapartum Group B Streptococci Prophylaxis in Patients Reporting a Penicillin Allergy
Matteson et al.
Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:356-364.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

In patients allergic to penicillin, consider second and third generation cephalosporins for life threatening infections
Pegler and Healy
BMJ 2007;335:991-991.
FULL TEXT  

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Practice Guideline Series: Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cardiac Surgery, Part II: Antibiotic Choice
Engelman et al.
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007;83:1569-1576.
FULL TEXT  

Anaesthetist's responses to patients' self-reported drug allergies
MacPherson et al.
Br J Anaesth 2006;97:634-639.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antibiotic Allergy
Gruchalla and Pirmohamed
NEJM 2006;354:601-609.
FULL TEXT  

A Review of Evidence Supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendation for Prescribing Cephalosporin Antibiotics for Penicillin-Allergic Patients
Pichichero
Pediatrics 2005;115:1048-1057.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lack of Penicillin Resensitization in Patients With a History of Penicillin Allergy After Receiving Repeated Penicillin Courses
Solensky et al.
Arch Intern Med 2002;162:822-826.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cephalosporin Allergy
Kelkar and Li
NEJM 2001;345:804-809.
FULL TEXT  

Is This Patient Allergic to Penicillin?: An Evidence-Based Analysis of the Likelihood of Penicillin Allergy
Salkind et al.
JAMA 2001;285:2498-2505.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Pilot Study of Penicillin Skin Testing in Patients With a History of Penicillin Allergy Admitted to a Medical ICU
Arroliga et al.
Chest 2000;118:1106-1108.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gender Differences in Adverse Drug Reactions
Tran et al.
J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:1003-1009.
ABSTRACT  

PREVALENCE OF ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS TO APROTININ: ANALYSIS OF TWO HUNDRED FORTY-EIGHT REEXPOSURES TO APROTININ IN HEART OPERATIONS
Dietrich et al.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997;113:194-201.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT