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Margaret J. Knapp, PharmD; David S. Knopman, MD; Paul R. Solomon, PhD; William W. Pendlebury, MD; Charles S. Davis, PhD; Stephen I. Gracon, DVM; the Tacrine Study Group; Jeffrey T. Apter, MD; Clifford N. Lazarus, PhD; Karen E. Baker, RN, PA; Michael Barnett, MD; Barry Baumel, MD; Larry S. Eisner, MD; David Bennett, MD; Concetta Forchetti, MD; Amy Levin; John P. Blass, MD, PhD; Karen A. Nolan, PhD; Eleonore R. Gaines, MD; Norman Relkin, MD, PhD; Richard L. Borison, MD, PhD; Bruce Diamond, MD; Gastone G. Celesia, MD; Amy Perrin Ross, RN, MSN, CRNR; James Dexter, MD; Rachelle Doody, MD, PhD; Lisa Lipscomb, RN; Kurt Kreiter; Eugene A. DuBoff, MD; Paul Block, PhD; Deborah Marshall; Nancy Westergaard; Nancy L. Earl, MD; Sarah Vann Wyne; Elisabeth Hinman-Smith; Martin Farlow, MD; Hugh C. Hendrie; Judith A. Caress; Mildred Farmer, MD; Jane E. Harper; James Ferguson, MD; Norman L. Foster, MD; Nancy R. Barbas, MD; Laurie A. Bluemlein, MS, RN; Douglas J. Gelb, MD, PhD; Stanley Berent, PhD; Bruno Giordani, PhD; Maria Greenwald, MD; Scott Bergman, MD; Linda F. Roger; Adrian Groenendyk, MD; Myrna Wood, RN; Claire Jurkowski, MD; Ira Katz, MD, PhD; Suzanne Doyle, RN; Buster D. Smith, MD; Charles Kellner, MD; Hilary J. Bernstein, MSN; David L. Bachman, MD; David S. Knopman, MD; Susan Deinard; Linda Langley; Sarah Bridges; Richard A. Margolin, MD; Mary Candice Burger, PhD; Susan Longwith Wiser, RN, BSN; Caryn Crenshaw, RNC; John C. Morris, MD; Eugene H. Rubin, MD; Mary A. Coats, RN, MSN; Patricio F. Reyes, MD; Catherine Bentz, MS; Lara L. Doyle; Marilyn M. Rymer, MD; Irene E. Bettinger, MD; M. Pat Laubinger, RN, MPA; Carl H. Sadowsky, MD; Walter Martinez; José Zuniga; Reed Stone; Paul Winner; Lazlo Maté; Carla Lessard, RN; Lon Schneider, MD; Sonia Pawluczyk, MD; Ward T. Smith, MD; Scott N. Losk, PhD; Linda Marambe, RN; Paul R. Solomon, PhD; William W. Pendlebury, MD; Mary Ellen Groccia-Ellison; Keith R. Edwards, MD; John Taylor, MD; Vincent P. Calabrese; Stephen W. Harkins; Stephen G. Thein, Jr, PhD; Judith A. Dewar, RN; Geri Williams, LVN; Carol Drennan, RN; Paul Tuttle, MD; Nancy Principi, RN; Elaine M. Ford, RN; Robert J. Tyndall, MD; Connie K. Kelley, RN

JAMA. 1994;271(13):985-991.

Abstract
Objective.
—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose tacrine hydrochloride over 30 weeks in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease.

Design.
—A 30-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial.

Setting.
—Outpatients at 33 US centers.

Patients.
—Men and women at least 50 years of age with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and otherwise in good health.

Interventions.
—Group 1 received placebo; group 2 received 40 mg/d of tacrine for 6 weeks, then 80 mg/d for 24 weeks; groups 3 and 4 received 40 mg/d of tacrine for 6 weeks, 80 mg/d for 6 weeks, and 120 mg/d for 6 weeks. Group 3 remained on a dosage of 120 mg/d for a total of 18 weeks; after 6 weeks at 120 mg/d, group 4 titrated to 160 mg/d for the last 12 weeks.

Primary Outcome Measures.
—Clinician Interview-Based Impression (CIBI), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and Final Comprehensive Consensus Assessment (FCCA).

Results.
—A total of 663 patients entered the study; 653 patients were included in an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis; 263 had evaluable data at 30 weeks. The results of the ITT analysis revealed significant (P.05) dose-response trends and between-group comparisons on CIBI and ADAS-Cog. In evaluable patients, significant dose-response trends were observed for all three primary measures (P.001). Significant differences in favor of 160 mg/d of tacrine vs placebo were observed on the CIBI (P.002) and ADAS-Cog and FCCA (P.001), as well as caregiver-global and quality-of-life assessments (P.05). On the CIBI, 23% and 42% of tacrine-treated patients in the ITT and evaluable-patient populations, respectively, were rated improved compared with 17% and 18% of placebo patients, respectively. The primary reasons for withdrawal of tacrine-treated patients were asymptomatic liver transaminase elevations (28%) and gastrointestinal complaints (16%). These adverse events were reversible on discontinuation of treatment, and many patients were able to restart tacrine.

Conclusions.
—Tacrine produced statistically significant, dose-related improvements on objective performance-based tests, clinician- and caregiver-rated global evaluations, and measures of quality of life. There was no evidence that the large number of patient withdrawals biased the overall conclusions of the study.

(JAMA. 1994;271:985-991)

Author Affiliations
Princeton (NJ) Biomedical Research; Falmouth, Mass; Brenda Castells, Reza Bolouri, Neuro/Medical Research Associates, Miami Beach, Fla; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Ill; Cornell University Medical College, White Plains, NY; Downtown VA Medical Center, Augusta, Ga; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill; University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Center for Behavioral Medicine, Wheat Ridge, Colo; Memory Disorders Clinic, Durham, NC; Indiana University Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Indianapolis; Clinical Studies Florida, St Petersburg; Pharmacology Research Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor; Southwest In-; stitute of Clinical Research, Rancho Mirage, Calif; Albuquerque, NM; Memorial Hospital of Burlington County, Mt Holly, NJ; Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa; Center for Clinical Neurologic Studies, Kansas City, Mo; West Palm Beach (Fla) Neurological Group; University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Pacific Northwest Research Center, Portland, Ore; Southwestern Vermont Medical Center, Bennington; Medical College of Virginia, Richmond; Pacific Research Network, San Diego, Calif; Carolina Neurological Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Kelley Clinical Trials Center, Springfield, Mo.

From the Clinical Research Department, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Mich (Drs Knapp and Gracon); the Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Dr Knopman); Department of Psychology. Williams College, Williamstown, Mass (Dr Solomon); Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Dr Pendlebury); and Division of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City (Dr Davis). Drs Knapp and Gracon are employees of the Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of Warner-Lambert Company and own stock and hold options to purchase further stock in the company. Drs Knopman, Solomon, Pendlebury, and Davis own no stock or options in the Warner-Lambert Company. Dr Davis was a paid statistical consultant for this study.

Footnotes
A complete list of the participants in the Tacrine Study Group appears at the end of this article.

Reprint requests to Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1047 (Dr Knapp).

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