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Homicide in New York CityCocaine Use and Firearms
Kenneth Tardiff, MD, MPH;
Peter M. Marzuk, MD;
Andrew C. Leon, PhD;
Charles S. Hirsch, MD;
Marina Stajic, PhD;
Laura Portera;
Nancy Hartwell
JAMA. 1994;272(1):43-46.
Abstract
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Objective.
—To determine differences between racial/ethnic groups in overall rates of death by homicide, proportion of firearm homicides, and the use of cocaine prior to death.
Design.
—Descriptive epidemiologic survey of a complete 2-year sample of homicides.
Setting.
—New York City, NY (population 7322564).
Subjects.
—All residents (N=4298) of New York City who were victims of homicide during 1990 and 1991.
Main Outcome Measures.
—Using medical examiner data, age- and genderspecific rates of homicide were calculated for African Americans, Latinos, and whites. Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between demographic variables and both recent cocaine use and firearm-related homicides.
Results.
—Young African-American and Latino men were more likely to be victims of homicide than all other demographic groups. Approximately three fourths of all homicides involved firearms. In the subset of homicide victims dying within 48 hours (n=3890), 31.0% were positive for cocaine metabolites. African Americans (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.1), Latinos (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.9), and victims 25 through 34 years of age (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.5 to 3.5) and 35 through 44 years of age (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.2 to 3.4) were more likely to be positive for cocaine metabolites than other groups. Young males and females were equally likely to have used cocaine before death. Victims 15 through 24 years of age were more likely than other age groups to be killed by a firearm. African Americans (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.3), Latinos (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0), and Asians (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.6) were more likely than whites to be killed by a firearm. Men (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 4.0 to 5.9) were more likely than women to be killed by a firearm. There was no association between having used cocaine before death and being killed by a firearm.
Conclusions.
—The high rates of death by homicide among young African Americans and Latinos may be due to the increased involvement with both cocaine use and firearms. New efforts must be made to decrease cocaine use and firearm availability.
(JAMA. 1994;272:43-46)
Author Affiliations
From the Section of Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry (Drs Tardiff, Marzuk, and Leon and Mss Portera and Hartwell) and Department of Public Health (Dr Tardiff), Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY; and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, City of New York, and Department of Forensic Medicine, New York (NY) University School of Medicine (Drs Hirsch and Stajic).
Footnotes
Address correspondence to Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, 525 E 68th St, Box 147, New York, NY 10021 (Dr Tardiff).
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