Features of HIV-1 that could influence maternal-child transmission
S. C. Kliks, D. W. Wara, D. V. Landers and J. A. Levy
Cancer Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco.
OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the biological and serological properties of the
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for factors potentially
involved in the mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. DESIGN--Isolates of
HIV-1 were recovered from the blood of 12 of 44 nontransmitting mothers and
six of eight transmitting mothers and their corresponding infants. These 24
HIV-1 isolates were compared for their biological and immunologic
properties to discern any parameters that correlate with vertical
transmission of HIV-1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Replication capabilities of
the above-mentioned HIV-1 isolates in human peripheral blood mononuclear
cells (PBMCs), human macrophages, and various T-cell lines and the
susceptibilities of the viruses to neutralization or enhancement by
anti-HIV-1 antibodies in autologous serum samples from mothers and infants.
SETTING--San Francisco Bay Area, California. PARTICIPANTS--A cohort of 52
HIV-1-infected women and their infants in a prospective study on perinatal
HIV transmission by the Bay Area Perinatal AIDS Center. RESULTS--The viral
isolates from the transmitting mothers and their infants differed from the
isolates from the nontransmitting mothers in their efficient replication in
human PBMCs and in their ability to infect one or more human T-lymphocytic
cell lines. All the HIV-1 isolates were able to infect human macrophages
with only low-level replication and were unable to form syncytia in the
MT-2-lymphocytic cells. No correlation between transmission and reactivity
of maternal serum samples to the peptide corresponding to the principal
neutralization domain of the third hypervariable region of the viral
envelope was observed. However, the majority (9/12) of maternal isolates
from the nontransmitters were neutralized by their autologous serum samples
compared with only two among six in the transmitter group (P < .07).
Moreover, five infant isolates were resistant to neutralization by their
respective mother's serum samples, and one was sensitive to infection
enhancement by the mother's serum. Another infant isolate was enhanced by
his autologous serum. CONCLUSIONS--Viral factors that appeared to correlate
with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 observed in a small cohort
included rapid or high-titered replication in human PBMCs, T-cell line
tropism, and resistance to neutralization or a sensitivity to enhancement
of infection by the maternal serum.
Role of maternal autologous neutralizing antibody in selective perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escape variants.
Dickover et al.
J. Virol. 2006;80:6525-6533.
ABSTRACT
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Neutralization Escape Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Transmitted from Mother to Infant
Wu et al.
J. Virol. 2006;80:835-844.
ABSTRACT
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Low-Level CD4+ T Cell Activation Is Associated with Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection
Koning et al.
J. Immunol. 2005;175:6117-6122.
ABSTRACT
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HIV transmission Prevention of Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States
Shetty and Maldonado
NeoReviews 2001;2:e83-93.
FULL TEXT
Perinatal Transmission of Major, Minor, and Multiple Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants In Utero and Intrapartum
Dickover et al.
J. Virol. 2001;75:2194-2203.
ABSTRACT
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Co-receptor usage was more predictive than NSI/SI phenotype for HIV replication in macrophages: is NSI/SI phenotyping sufficient?
Lathey et al.
J. Leukoc. Biol. 2000;68:324-330.
ABSTRACT
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Virological and Molecular Demonstration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vertical Transmission
Cavaco-Silva et al.
J. Virol. 1998;72:3418-3422.
ABSTRACT
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Infectious Cellular Load in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals and Susceptibility of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Their Exposed Partners to Non-Syncytium-Inducing HIV-1 as Major Determinants for HIV-1 Transmission in Homosexual Couples
Blaak et al.
J. Virol. 1998;72:218-224.
ABSTRACT
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Mother-to-Child Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Peckham and Gibb
NEJM 1995;333:298-303.
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