This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in JAMA  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

A Recommendation From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

Russell R. Pate, PhD; Michael Pratt, MD, MPH; Steven N. Blair, PED; William L. Haskell, PhD; Caroline A. Macera, PhD; Claude Bouchard, PhD; David Buchner, MD, MPH; Walter Ettinger, MD; Gregory W. Heath, DHSc; Abby C. King, PhD; Andrea Kriska, PhD; Arthur S. Leon, MD; Bess H. Marcus, PhD; Jeremy Morris, MD; Ralph S. Paffenbarger, Jr, MD; Kevin Patrick, MD; Michael L. Pollock, PhD; James M. Rippe, MD; James Sallis, PhD; Jack H. Wilmore, PhD

JAMA. 1995;273(5):402-407.

Abstract
Objective.
—To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention.

Participants.
—A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented.

Evidence.
—The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles.

Consensus Process.
—Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine.

Conclusion.
—Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week.

(JAMA. 1995;273:402-407)

Author Affiliations
From the School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia (Drs Pate and Macera); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga (Drs Pratt and Heath); Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, Tex (Dr Blair); Physical Activity Science Lab, Laval (Quebec) University (Dr Bouchard); Stanford (Calif) University School of Medicine (Drs Haskell and King); Department of Health Services, University of Washington and Seattle VA Medical Center (Dr Buchner); Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (Dr Ettinger); Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) (Dr Kriska); Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Dr Leon); The Miriam Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI (Dr Marcus); Department of Public Health and Policy, London (England) School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Dr Morris); Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University (Dr Paffenbarger); General Preventive Medicine Residency, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego State University (Dr Patrick); Departments of Medicine and Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville (Dr Pollock); Center for Clinical and Lifestyle Research, Tufts University, Medford, Mass (Dr Rippe); Department of Psychology, San Diego State University (Dr Sallis); Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Unversity of Texas at Austin (Dr Wilmore).

Footnotes
This statement and its recommendations are endorsed and supported by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association.

Reprint requests to Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, SC 29208 (Dr Pate).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

A Comparison of Face-to-Face or Internet-Delivered Physical Activity Intervention on Targeted Determinants
Steele et al.
Health Educ Behav 2009;36:1051-1064.
ABSTRACT  

High Point Walking for Health: Creating Built and Social Environments That Support Walking in a Public Housing Community
Krieger et al.
AJPH 2009;99:S593-S599.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Using the Constructive Narrative Perspective to Understand Physical Activity Reasoning Schema in Sedentary Adults
Buman et al.
J Health Psychol 2009;14:1174-1183.
ABSTRACT  

Fat or Fit: What Is More Important?
Hainer et al.
Diabetes Care 2009;32:S392-S397.
FULL TEXT  

Partnering With Libraries to Promote Walking Among Community-Dwelling Adults: A Kingston Gets Active Pilot Pedometer-Lending Project
Ryder et al.
Health Promot Pract 2009;10:588-596.
ABSTRACT  

Responses of Blood Lipids to Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Aerobic With Resistance Exercise Training: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
Tambalis et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:614-632.
ABSTRACT  

Effect of Exercise on Postmenopausal Sex Hormone Levels and Role of Body Fat: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Monninkhof et al.
JCO 2009;27:4492-4499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heart rate and exercise intensity during training: observations from the DREW Study
Mikus et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:750-755.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Newspaper content analysis in evaluation of a community-based participatory project to increase physical activity
Granner et al.
Health Educ Res 2009;0:cyp049v1-cyp049.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Resistance exercise plus to aerobic activities is associated with better lipids' profile among healthy individuals: the ATTICA study
Pitsavos et al.
QJM 2009;102:609-616.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Feasibility of an exercise counseling intervention for depressed women smokers
Vickers et al.
Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:985-995.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diet and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Incident Hypertension in Women
Forman et al.
JAMA 2009;302:401-411.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical Activity Levels Among Participants in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative
Williams-Piehota et al.
Diabetes Spectr. 2009;22:170-177.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Assessing Transcultural Validity of the Transtheoretical Model With Chinese Americans and Physical Activity
Tung and Hsu
J Transcult Nurs 2009;20:286-295.
ABSTRACT  

Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much Is Enough?
Carnethon
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2009;3:44S-49S.
ABSTRACT  

Effectiveness of Lifestyle Physical Activity Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease
Dunn
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2009;3:11S-18S.
ABSTRACT  

Multiple Approaches to Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: Summary and Conclusion
Ainsworth and Pettee Gabriel
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2009;3:69S-72S.
 

Exercise Training for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on Cardiovascular Risk: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Marwick et al.
Circulation 2009;119:3244-3262.
FULL TEXT  

Associations of Physical Activity With Inflammatory Factors, Adipocytokines, and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People
Yu et al.
Circulation 2009;119:2969-2977.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fostering independence in health-promoting exercise
Lynnes et al.
J Intellect Disabil 2009;13:143-159.
ABSTRACT  

The Prescribed Amount of Physical Activity in Randomized Clinical Trials in Older Adults
Kruger et al.
The Gerontologist 2009;49:S100-S107.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D and chronic widespread pain in a white middle-aged British population: evidence from a cross-sectional population survey
Atherton et al.
Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:817-822.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical Activity and Fitness in African Americans: Implications for Cardiovascular Health
Zoeller
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2009;3:188-194.
ABSTRACT  

Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and metabolic syndrome using varying definitions: 1999-2004 NHANES
Churilla and Fitzhugh
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 2009;6:100-109.
ABSTRACT  

Effect of exercise intensity and volume on persistence of insulin sensitivity during training cessation
Bajpeyi et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2009;106:1079-1085.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertriglyceridemia and Its Pharmacologic Treatment Among US Adults
Ford et al.
Arch Intern Med 2009;169:572-578.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Total mortality after changes in leisure time physical activity in 50 year old men: 35 year follow-up of population based cohort
Byberg et al.
BMJ 2009;338:b688-b688.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Do childhood social circumstances affect overweight and obesity in early adulthood?
Kestila et al.
Scand J Public Health 2009;37:206-219.
ABSTRACT  

Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Hypertensive Men With and Without Additional Risk Factors
Kokkinos et al.
Hypertension 2009;53:494-499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Adult Survivors of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Bellizzi et al.
JCO 2009;27:960-966.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predicting changes in physical activity among adolescents: the role of self-efficacy, intention, action planning and coping planning
Araujo-Soares et al.
Health Educ Res 2009;24:128-139.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity in patients with COPD
Watz et al.
Eur Respir J 2009;33:262-272.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Developing Long-Term Physical Activity Participation: A Grounded Theory Study With African American Women
Harley et al.
Health Educ Behav 2009;36:97-112.
ABSTRACT  

Stand up, sit down, keep moving: turning circles in physical activity research?
Brown et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:86-88.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity habits of doctors and medical students influence their counselling practices
Lobelo et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:89-92.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in 40-65-year-old men performing recommended levels of physical activity, compared with sedentary men
Perkins et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:136-141.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS et al.
Circulation 2009;119:e21-e181.
FULL TEXT  

Do intervention fidelity and dose influence outcomes? Results from the Move to Improve worksite physical activity program
Wilson et al.
Health Educ Res 2009;0:cyn065v1-cyn065.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Randomized Controlled Trial of Aerobic Exercise on Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factors in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Yale Exercise and Survivorship Study
Irwin et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:306-313.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Understanding and interpreting the concept of physical activity -- a focus group study among Swedish women
Johnson et al.
Scand J Public Health 2009;37:20-27.
ABSTRACT  

A 6-Month Exercise Intervention Among Inactive and Overweight Favela-Residing Women in Brazil : The Caranguejo Exercise Trial
Alves et al.
AJPH 2009;99:76-80.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Implications for Physical Activity in the Population With Low Back Pain
Hanney et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2009;3:63-70.
ABSTRACT  

Effects of a Community-Based, Professionally Supervised Intervention on Physical Activity Levels Among Residents of Recife, Brazil
Simoes et al.
AJPH 2009;99:68-75.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

How do I measure physical activity in my patients? Questionnaires and objective methods
Ainsworth
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:6-9.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity and maintaining physical function in older adults
Manini and Pahor
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:28-31.
FULL TEXT  

Prevention and Reduction of Obesity through Active Living (PROACTIVE): rationale, design and methods
Ross et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2009;43:57-63.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

CHAPTER 25 Cardiac Rehabilitation
Gielen et al.
ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2009;2:med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exploring the Effects of an "Everyday" Activity Program on Executive Function and Memory in Older Adults: Experience Corps(R)
Carlson et al.
Gerontologist 2008;48:793-801.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Accumulating short bouts of brisk walking reduces postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and resting blood pressure in healthy young men
Miyashita et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1225-1231.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Personal, social and environmental correlates of resilience to physical inactivity among women from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds
Cleland et al.
Health Educ Res 2008;0:cyn054v1-cyn054.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Combined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women
Dam et al.
BMJ 2008;337:a1440-a1440.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial
Lautenschlager et al.
JAMA 2008;300:1027-1037.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fighting Obesity-Related Disease With Permanent Behavior Modification
Wexler
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:459-461.
 

Association of perceived environment with meeting public health recommendations for physical activity in seven European countries
Bamana et al.
J Public Health (Oxf) 2008;30:274-281.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Lifestyle Approach for Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Perimenopausal to Early Postmenopausal Women
Pettee et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:421-431.
ABSTRACT  

Habitual Physical Activity Behavior of Patients After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Wagenmakers et al.
ptjournal 2008;88:1039-1048.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Influence of Pre- and Postdiagnosis Physical Activity on Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study
Irwin et al.
JCO 2008;26:3958-3964.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relation between Neighborhood Built Environment and Walking Activity among Older Adults
Nagel et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:461-468.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neuromuscular training and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster randomised controlled study
Pasanen et al.
BMJ 2008;337:a295-a295.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Single risk factor interventions to promote physical activity among patients with chronic diseases: Systematic review
Hudon et al.
cfp 2008;54:1130-1137.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population
de Geus et al.
Health Educ Res 2008;23:697-708.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity uptake in patients with HIV: who does how much?
Fillipas et al.
Int J STD AIDS 2008;19:514-518.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Leisure-Time Physical Activity Disparities Among Hispanic Subgroups in the United States
Neighbors et al.
AJPH 2008;98:1460-1464.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Correlates of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Korean Immigrant Women
Choi et al.
West J Nurs Res 2008;30:620-638.
ABSTRACT  

Effect of Exercise on 24-Month Weight Loss Maintenance in Overweight Women
Jakicic et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1550-1559.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular Risk: Exercise Good Judgment
McInnis
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:355-357.
 

Weight Regain Prevention
Garcia Ulen et al.
Clin. Diabetes 2008;26:100-113.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Current Trends in Weight Management: What Advice Do We Give to Patients?
Boucher et al.
Clin. Diabetes 2008;26:115-120.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

PREMIER--A Trial of Lifestyle Interventions for Blood Pressure Control: Intervention Design and Rationale
Funk et al.
Health Promot Pract 2008;9:271-280.
ABSTRACT  

Do Supplements Benefit Exercise?
Kuczmarski
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:293-295.
ABSTRACT  

Waltz Dancing in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: New Form of Exercise Training
Belardinelli et al.
Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:107-114.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antecedents of Physical Activity Among Family Caregivers
Etkin et al.
Journal of Applied Gerontology 2008;27:350-367.
ABSTRACT  

Effects of tailoring health messages on physical activity
Smeets et al.
Health Educ Res 2008;23:402-413.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The risk for a cruciate ligament injury of the knee in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study of 46 500 people with a 9 year follow-up
Parkkari et al.
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2008;42:422-426.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Prospective Study of Age-Specific Physical Activity and Premenopausal Breast Cancer
Maruti et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:728-737.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity and dementia risk in the elderly: Findings from a prospective Italian study
Ravaglia et al.
Neurology 2008;70:1786-1794.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Twenty-four-hour analysis of elevated energy expenditure after physical activity in a metabolic chamber: models of daily total energy expenditure
Ohkawara et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1268-1276.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Women
Weinstein et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:884-890.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between Neighborhood Active Living Potential and Walking
Gauvin et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:944-953.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neighbourhood Types, Travel and Body Mass: A Study of New Urbanist and Suburban Neighbourhoods in the US
Brown et al.
Urban Stud 2008;45:963-988.
ABSTRACT  

Extrapulmonary Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Physical Activity: A Cross-sectional Study
Watz et al.
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008;177:743-751.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Breaks in Sedentary Time: Beneficial associations with metabolic risk
Healy et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:661-666.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004
Matthews et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:875-881.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is vigorous physical activity contraindicated in subjects with coronary heart disease? Evidence from the Caerphilly study
Yu et al.
Eur Heart J 2008;29:602-608.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Bicuspid aortic valve: a literature review and its impact on sport activity
De Mozzi et al.
Br Med Bull 2008;85:63-85.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Development of an easy prognostic score for frailty outcomes in the aged
Ravaglia et al.
Age Ageing 2008;37:161-166.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Black and White Men
Kokkinos et al.
Circulation 2008;117:614-622.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Themed Review: Clinical Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Youth
Meriwether et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:7-25.
ABSTRACT