You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT JAMA
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 274 No. 23, December 20, 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  JAMA
  •  Online Features
  ARTICLE
 This Article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in JAMA

The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study

L. J. Launer, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, D. Foley and R. J. Havlik
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Erasmus University Medical School, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the long-term relationship of midlife blood pressure levels to late-life cognitive function. DESIGN--The 4678 surviving cohort members of the prospective Honolulu Heart Program (baseline, 1965-1968) were examined a fourth time in 1991 through 1993 and given a cognitive test. PARTICIPANTS--The subjects were 3735 Japanese-American men living in Hawaii in the community or in institutions, with an average age of 78 years at the fourth examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Cognitive function, measured by the 100-point Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), was categorized into good (reference: a CASI score of 92 to 100), intermediate (< 92 to 82), and poor (< 82). Midlife systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values were measured in 1965, 1968, and 1971. A respondent was classified into the following categories if two of three measurements fell into the following groups: for SBP, < 110, 110 to 139, 140 to 159, and > or = 160 mm Hg; and for DBP, < 80, 80 to 89, 90 to 94, and > or = 95 mm Hg. RESULTS--When we controlled for age and education, the risk for intermediate and poor cognitive function increased progressively with increasing level of midlife SBP category (P for trend < .03 and < .001, respectively). For every 10-mm Hg increase in SBP there was an increase in risk for intermediate cognitive function of 7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3% to 11%) and for poor cognitive function of 9% (95% CI, 3% to 16%). Adjustment for prevalent stroke, coronary heart disease, and subclinical atherosclerosis reduced the strength of the relationship between midlife SBP and poor cognitive function to 5% (95% CI, 0% to 12%). The level of cognitive function was not associated with midlife DBP. CONCLUSIONS--Midlife SBP is a significant predictor of reduced cognitive function in later life. Early control of SBP levels may reduce the risk for cognitive impairment in old age.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Association between offspring intelligence and parental mortality: a population-based cohort study of one million Swedish men and their parents
Modig-Wennerstad et al.
J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2008;62:722-727.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

History of coronary heart disease and cognitive performance in midlife: the Whitehall II study
Singh-Manoux et al.
Eur Heart J 2008;0:ehn298v1-8.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antihypertensive Medications Influence the Rate of Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer Disease--Reply
Reitz et al.
Arch Neurol 2008;65:995-995.
FULL TEXT  

Candesartan and cognitive decline in older patients with hypertension: A substudy of the SCOPE trial
Saxby et al.
Neurology 2008;70:1858-1866.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Abnormal Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Cognitively Normal Elderly Subjects With Hypertension
Dai et al.
Stroke 2008;39:349-354.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Successful Aging: Is It in Our Future?
Guralnik
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:131-132.
FULL TEXT  

Mild Cognitive Dysfunction: An Epidemiological Perspective With an Emphasis on African Americans
Unverzagt et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:215-226.
ABSTRACT  

Vascular Disease: The Tsunami of Health Care
Hakim
Stroke 2007;38:3296-3301.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cerebrovascular disease and dementia
KNOPMAN
Br. J. Radiol. 2007;80:S121-S127.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pulse Pressure Is an Age-Independent Predictor of Stroke Development After Cardiac Surgery
Benjo et al.
Hypertension 2007;50:630-635.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between Mortality and Cognitive Change Over 7 Years in a Large Representative Sample of UK Residents
Shipley et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2007;69:640-650.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: data from a community-based cohort
Miyasaka et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:1962-1967.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
Authors/Task Force Members: et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;0:ehm236v1-75.
FULL TEXT  

Low dose aspirin and cognitive function in the women's health study cognitive cohort
Kang et al.
BMJ 2007;334:987-987.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: Multidisciplinary Applied Phenomics
Harris et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:1076-1087.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Left Ventricular Mass, Blood Pressure, and Lowered Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring
Elias et al.
Hypertension 2007;49:439-445.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disability and Depression: Investigating a Complex Relation Using Physical Performance Measures
Yanagita et al.
AJGP 2006;14:1060-1068.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reducing the Risk of Dementia: Efficacy of Long-Term Treatment of Hypertension
Peila et al.
Stroke 2006;37:1165-1170.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Midlife Pulse Pressure and Incidence of Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Freitag et al.
Stroke 2006;37:33-37.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cross-Sectional Relations of Peripheral Microvascular Function, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Aortic Stiffness: The Framingham Heart Study
Mitchell et al.
Circulation 2005;112:3722-3728.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular risk factors and cerebral atrophy in a middle-aged cohort
Knopman et al.
Neurology 2005;65:876-881.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease
Vandenberghe and Tournoy
Postgrad. Med. J. 2005;81:343-352.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive function predicts first-time stroke and heart disease
Elkins et al.
Neurology 2005;64:1750-1755.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity as a Marker of Poor Cognitive Function in an Elderly Community-Dwelling Population
Fujiwara et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005;60:607-612.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Body Mass Index, Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Hospitalization for Dementia
Rosengren et al.
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:321-326.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment in an Elderly Population
Hajjar et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005;60:67-73.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Cognitive Decline
Yaffe et al.
JAMA 2004;292:2237-2242.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Stroke risk profile, brain volume, and cognitive function: The Framingham Offspring Study
Seshadri et al.
Neurology 2004;63:1591-1599.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood Pressure-Related Cognitive Decline: Does Age Make a Difference?
Elias et al.
Hypertension 2004;44:631-636.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Stroke risk factors and loss of high cognitive function
Elkins et al.
Neurology 2004;63:793-799.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Whitehall II Study
Britton et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:240-247.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive Functioning in Preclinical Vascular Dementia: A 6-Year Follow-Up
Laukka et al.
Stroke 2004;35:1805-1809.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Memory impairment, but not cerebrovascular disease, predicts progression of MCI to dementia
DeCarli et al.
Neurology 2004;63:220-227.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Midlife Blood Pressure and the Risk of Hippocampal Atrophy: The Honolulu Asia Aging Study
Korf et al.
Hypertension 2004;44:29-34.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preventing Dementia by Treating Hypertension and Preventing Stroke
Spence
Hypertension 2004;44:20-21.
FULL TEXT  

Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Incidence of Probable Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Shumaker et al.
JAMA 2004;291:2947-2958.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood pressure and late-life cognitive function change: A biracial longitudinal population study
Hebert et al.
Neurology 2004;62:2021-2024.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Midlife Dietary Intake of Antioxidants and Risk of Late-Life Incident Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Laurin et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:959-967.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Cognitive Performance in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Suhr et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:291-297.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Mortality of Aged People Over a 10-Year Period
Tilvis et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2004;59:M268-M274.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heritability of Leukoaraiosis in Hypertensive Sibships
Turner et al.
Hypertension 2004;43:483-487.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals
Verghese et al.
Neurology 2003;61:1667-1672.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Homocysteine and cognitive function in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging
Miller et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;78:441-447.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood Pressure and Cognitive Impairment in India and the United States: A Cross-National Epidemiological Study
Pandav et al.
Arch Neurol 2003;60:1123-1128.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Blood Pressure Lowering With Perindopril and Indapamide Therapy on Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease
The PROGRESS Collaborative Group*
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1069-1075.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Converging Pathogenic Mechanisms in Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementia
Iadecola and Gorelick
Stroke 2003;34:335-337.
FULL TEXT  

Pharmacologic Agents Associated with a Preventive Effect on Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence
in 't Veld et al.
Epidemiol Rev 2002;24:248-268.
FULL TEXT  

Cholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease and Tauopathy
BURNS and DUFF
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002;977:367-375.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preservation of Cognitive Function With Antihypertensive Medications: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Community-Based Sample of African Americans
Murray et al.
Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2090-2096.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Correlates of Change in Functional Status of Institutionalized Geriatric Schizophrenic Patients: Focus on Medical Comorbidity
Friedman et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1388-1394.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Homocysteine, vitamin B6, and vascular disease in AD patients
Miller et al.
Neurology 2002;58:1471-1475.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Evidence for Genetic Mediation of Executive Control: A Study of Aging Male Twins
Swan and Carmelli
J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2002;57:P133-143.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Variability in Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Is Related to Late-Life Brain White Matter Lesions: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Havlik et al.
Stroke 2002;33:26-30.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Twenty-four-Hour Blood Pressure and MRI as Predictive Factors for Different Outcomes in Patients With Lacunar Infarct
Yamamoto et al.
Stroke 2002;33:297-305.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypotension and cognitive impairment: Selective association in patients with heart failure
Zuccala et al.
Neurology 2001;57:1986-1992.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Joint Effect of the APOE Gene and Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure on Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Editorial Comment: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Peila et al.
Stroke 2001;32:2882-2889.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Incident Alzheimer Disease and Blood Pressure Measured From 13 Years Before to 2 Years After Diagnosis in a Large Community Study
Morris et al.
Arch Neurol 2001;58:1640-1646.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Race Differences in Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults
Zsembik and Peek
J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2001;56:S266-274.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study
Kivipelto et al.
Neurology 2001;56:1683-1689.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertension in Older Adults
Rigaud and Forette
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001;56:217M-225.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cerebrovascular and Brain Morphologic Correlates of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study
DeCarli et al.
Arch Neurol 2001;58:643-647.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Functional Status and Clinical Correlates in Cognitively Impaired Community-Living Older People
Landi et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001;14:21-27.
ABSTRACT  

Blood Pressure, Cognitive Functions, and Prevention of Dementias in Older Patients With Hypertension
Birkenhager et al.
Arch Intern Med 2001;161:152-156.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults
Knopman et al.
Neurology 2001;56:42-48.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive Performance in Hypertensive and Normotensive Older Subjects
Harrington et al.
Hypertension 2000;36:1079-1082.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term predictors of cognitive outcome in a cohort of older people with hypertension
CERVILLA et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2000;177:66-71.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The relationship of hypertension in the elderly to AD, vascular dementia, and cognitive function
Posner et al.
Neurology 2000;58:1175-1181.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men
Masaki et al.
Neurology 2000;54:1265-1272.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Cross-sectional Association Between Blood Pressure and Alzheimer's Disease in a Biracial Community Population of Older Persons
Morris et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2000;55:130M-136.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: A longitudinal study in the elderly
Tzourio et al.
Neurology 1999;53:1948-1948.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Calcium-channel blockers and cognitive function in elderly people: results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
Maxwell et al.
CMAJ 1999;161:501-506.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Role of APOE{epsilon}4 in Modulating Effects of Other Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in Elderly Persons
Haan et al.
JAMA 1999;282:40-46.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

High monounsaturated fatty acids intake protects against age-related cognitive decline
Solfrizzi et al.
Neurology 1999;52:1563-1563.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Systolic Blood Pressure within an Intermediate Range May Reduce Memory Loss in an Elderly Hypertensive Cohort
Sacktor et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999;12:1-6.
ABSTRACT  

Can we save the brain from the ravages of midlife cardiovascular risk factors?
Gorelick
Neurology 1999;52:1114-1114.
FULL TEXT  

Midlife Hand Grip Strength as a Predictor of Old Age Disability
Rantanen et al.
JAMA 1999;281:558-560.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Current and Remote Blood Pressure and Cognitive Decline
Glynn et al.
JAMA 1999;281:438-445.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A cross-ethnic analysis of risk factors for AD in white Hispanics and white non-Hispanics
Harwood et al.
Neurology 1999;52:551-551.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Grip strength changes over 27 yr in Japanese-American men
Rantanen et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 1998;85:2047-2053.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Folate, Vitamin B12, and Serum Total Homocysteine Levels in Confirmed Alzheimer Disease
Clarke et al.
Arch Neurol 1998;55:1449-1455.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Systolic Blood Pressure Tracking Over 25 to 30 Years and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Swan et al.
Stroke 1998;29:2334-2340.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Population-Based Study on Blood Pressure and Brain Atrophy in 85-Year-Olds
Skoog et al.
Hypertension 1998;32:404-409.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular factors in Alzheimer's disease
STEWART
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1998;65:143-147.
FULL TEXT  

Modulation of Secreted beta -Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid beta -Peptide in Brain by Cholesterol
Howland et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 1998;273:16576-16582.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intellectual Decline After Stroke : The Framingham Study
Kase et al.
Stroke 1998;29:805-812.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertension Is Related to Cognitive Impairment : A 20-Year Follow-up of 999 Men
Kilander et al.
Hypertension 1998;31:780-786.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Canadian Study of Health and Aging : Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia
Lindsay et al.
Stroke 1997;28:526-530.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Status of Risk Factors for Dementia Associated With Stroke
Gorelick
Stroke 1997;28:459-463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cerebrovascular Disease, the Apolipoprotein e4 Allele, and Cognitive Decline in a Community-Based Study of Elderly Men
Kalmijn et al.
Stroke 1996;27:2230-2235.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Midlife Hypertension Linked to Late-Life Cognitive Dysfunction
Journal Watch Cardiology 1996;1996:19-19.
FULL TEXT  

Midlife Hypertension Linked to Late-Life Cognitive Decline
JWatch Psychiatry 1996;1996:9-9.
FULL TEXT  

MIDLIFE HYPERTENSION LINKED TO LATE-LIFE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION
JWatch General 1995;1995:2-2.
FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1995 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.