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Long-term Effects on Plasma Lipids of Diet and Drugs to Treat Hypertension
Richard H. Grimm, Jr, MD, PhD;
John M. Flack, MD, MPH;
Gregory A. Grandits, MS;
Patricia J. Elmer, PhD;
James D. Neaton, PhD;
Jeffrey A. Cutler, MD, MPH;
Cora Lewis, MD;
Robert McDonald, MD;
James Schoenberger, MD;
Jeremiah Stamler, MD;
Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Research Group
JAMA. 1996;275(20):1549-1556.
Abstract
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Objective.
—To compare long-term plasma lipid changes among 6 antihypertensive treatment interventions for stage I (mild) hypertension.
Design.
—Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial.
Setting.
—Four academic clinical research units in the United States.
Participants.
—A total of 902 men and women, aged 45 to 69 years, with stage I diastolic hypertension (diastolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg), recruited from 11 914 persons screened in their communities.
Interventions.
—Participants were randomized to 1 of 6 treatment groups: (1) placebo, (2) β-blocker(acebutolol), (3) calcium antagonist (amlodipine), (4) diuretic (chlorthalidone), (5)  1-antagonist (doxazosin), and (6) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril). All groups received intensive lifestyle counseling to achieve weight loss, dietary sodium and alcohol reduction, and increased physical activity.
Main Outcomes Measures.
—Changes in plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides from baseline to annual visits through 4 years.
Results.
—Mean changes in all plasma lipids were favorable in all groups. The degree of weight loss with fat-modified diet and exercise was significantly related to favorable lipid changes. Significant differences (P<.01) among groups for average changes during follow-up in each lipid were observed. Decreases in plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were greater with doxazosin and acebutolol (for plasma total cholesterol, 0.36 and 0.30 mmol/L [13.8 and 11.7 mg/dL], respectively), less with chlorthalidone and placebo (0.12 and 0.13 mmol/L [4.5 and 5.1 mg/dL], respectively). Decreases in triglycerides were greater with doxazosin and enalapril, least with acebutolol. Increases in HDL cholesterol were greater with enalapril and doxazosin, least with acebutolol. Significant relative increases in plasma total cholesterol with chlorthalidone compared with placebo at 12 months were no longer present at 24 months and beyond, when mean plasma total cholesterol for the chlorthalidone group fell below baseline. Analyses of participants continuing to receive chlorthalidone throughout the 4 years of follow-up indicated this was not due solely to an increasing percentage of participants changing or discontinuing use of medication during follow-up.
Conclusions.
—Weight loss with a fat-modified diet plus increased exercise produces favorable long-term effects on blood pressure and all plasma lipid fractions of adults with stage I hypertension; blood pressure reduction is enhanced to a similar degree by addition of a drug from any one of 5 classes of antihypertensive medication. These drugs differ quantitatively in influencing the degree of long-term favorable effects on blood lipids obtained with nutritional-hygienic treatment.
(JAMA. 1996;275:1549-1556)
Author Affiliations
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From the Divisions of Cardiology (Dr Grimm) and General Medicine (Dr Flack), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Hypertension Center, Bowman-Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (Dr Flack); Divisions of Biostatistics (Mr Grandits and Dr Neaton) and Epidemiology (Dr Elmer), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (Dr Cutler); Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Dr Lewis); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) (Dr McDonald); Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (Dr Schoenberger); and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill (Dr Stamler). Dr Grimm is now with the Shapiro Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation; Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis.
Footnotes
A complete list of the members of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Research Group can be found in JAMA. 1993;270:713-724.
Reprint requests: Richard H. Grimm, Jr, MD, PhD, Shapiro Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, 914 S Eighth St, D-5, Minneapolis, MN 55404.
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