This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Correction  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in JAMA  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

A Multi-institutional Update

Alan W. Partin, MD, PhD; Michael W. Kattan, PhD; Eric N. P. Subong, MS; Patrick C. Walsh, MD; Kirk J. Wojno, MD; Joseph E. Oesterling, MD; Peter T. Scardino, MD; J. D. Pearson, PhD

JAMA. 1997;277(18):1445-1451.

Abstract
Objective.
—To combine the clinical data from 3 academic institutions that serve as centers of excellence for the surgical treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer and develop a multi-institutional model combining serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage for men with clinically localized prostate cancer.

Design.
—In this update, we have combined clinical and pathological data for a group of 4133 men treated by several surgeons from 3 major academic urologic centers within the United States. Multinomial log-linear regression was performed for the simultaneous prediction of organ-confined disease, isolated capsular penetration, seminal vesicle involvement, or pelvic lymph node involvement. Bootstrap estimates of the predicted probabilities were used to develop nomograms to predict pathological stage. Additional bootstrap analyses were then obtained to validate the performance of the nomograms.

Patients and Settings.
—A total of 4133 men who had undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer at The Johns Hopkins Hospital (n=3116), Baylor College of Medicine (n=782), and the University of Michigan School of Medicine (n=235) were enrolled into this study. None of the patients had received preoperative hormonal or radiation therapy.

Outcome Measures.
—Simultaneous prediction of organ-confined disease, isolated capsular penetration, seminal vesicle involvement, or pelvic lymph node involvement using updated nomograms.

Results.
—Prostate-specific antigen level, TNM clinical stage, and Gleason score contributed significantly to the prediction of pathological stage (P<.001). Bootstrap estimates of the median and 95% confidence interval of the predicted probabilities are presented in the nomograms. For most cells in the nomograms, there is a greater than 25% probability of qualifying for more than one of the pathological stages. In the validation analyses, 72.4% of the time the nomograms correctly predicted the probability of a pathological stage to within 10% (organ-confined disease, 67.3%; isolated capsular penetration, 59.6%; seminal vesicle involvement, 79.6%; pelvic lymph node involvement, 82.9%).

Conclusions.
—The data represent a multi-institutional modeling and validation of the clinical utility of combining PSA level measurement, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage for a group of men with localized prostate cancer. Clinicians can use these nomograms when counseling individual patients regarding the probability of their tumor being a specific pathological stage; this will enable patients and physicians to make more informed treatment decisions based on the probability of a pathological stage, as well as risk tolerance and the values they place on various potential outcomes.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (Drs Partin and Walsh and Mr Subong); the Department of Urology and Pathology and the Michigan Prostate Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (Drs Wojno and Oesterling); the Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex (Drs Kattan and Scardino); and Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ (Dr Pearson).

Footnotes
Reprints: Alan W. Partin, MD, PhD, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Genetic Variants in the Vitamin D Receptor Are Associated with Advanced Prostate Cancer at Diagnosis: Findings from the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment Study and a Systematic Review
Chen et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:2874-2881.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pretreatment Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Velocity and Doubling Time Are Associated With Outcome but Neither Improves Prediction of Outcome Beyond Pretreatment PSA Alone in Patients Treated With Radical Prostatectomy
O'Brien et al.
JCO 2009;27:3591-3597.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gleason Score and Lethal Prostate Cancer: Does 3 + 4 = 4 + 3?
Stark et al.
JCO 2009;27:3459-3464.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Molecular Markers and Death From Prostate Cancer
Concato et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2009;150:595-603.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate Cancer-Associated Gene Expression Alterations Determined from Needle Biopsies
Qian et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2009;15:3135-3142.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate Cancer: Sextant Localization at MR Imaging and MR Spectroscopic Imaging before Prostatectomy--Results of ACRIN Prospective Multi-institutional Clinicopathologic Study
Weinreb et al.
Radiology 2009;251:122-133.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Testicular, Prostate, Colorectal, Breast, and Ovarian Cancers
Sturgeon et al.
Clin. Chem. 2008;54:e11-e79.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predictive Value of Plasma Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Levels in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Gupta et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2008;14:7385-7390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prognostic Significance of Disseminated Tumor Cells in the Bone Marrow of Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Hormone Treatment
Kollermann et al.
JCO 2008;26:4928-4933.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Systems Pathology and Predicting Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy
Klein et al.
JCO 2008;26:3916-3917.
FULL TEXT  

Genomic Alterations Indicate Tumor Origin and Varied Metastatic Potential of Disseminated Cells from Prostate Cancer Patients
Holcomb et al.
Cancer Res. 2008;68:5599-5608.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comparison of Nomograms With Other Methods for Predicting Outcomes in Prostate Cancer: A Critical Analysis of the Literature
Shariat et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2008;14:4400-4407.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Expression of androgen receptor through androgen-converting enzymes is associated with biological aggressiveness in prostate cancer
Wako et al.
J. Clin. Pathol. 2008;61:448-454.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Use of Preoperative Plasma Endoglin for Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Karam et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2008;14:1418-1422.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk of Violence by Psychiatric Patients: Beyond the "Actuarial Versus Clinical" Assessment Debate
Buchanan
Psychiatr. Serv. 2008;59:184-190.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is There a Role for Pelvic Irradiation in Localized Prostate Adenocarcinoma? Preliminary Results of GETUG-01
Pommier et al.
JCO 2007;25:5366-5373.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prognostic relevance of increased Rac GTPase expression in prostate carcinomas
Engers et al.
Endocr Relat Cancer 2007;14:245-256.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comparison of Free and Total Forms of Serum Human Kallikrein 2 and Prostate-Specific Antigen for Prediction of Locally Advanced and Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Steuber et al.
Clin. Chem. 2007;53:233-240.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Nuclear Localization of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B p65 in Primary Prostate Tumors Is Highly Predictive of Pelvic Lymph Node Metastases.
Lessard et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2006;12:5741-5745.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Are Nomograms Better Than Currently Available Stage Groupings for Bladder Cancer?
Sternberg
JCO 2006;24:3819-3820.
FULL TEXT  

A molecular correlate to the Gleason grading system for prostate adenocarcinoma
True et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103:10991-10996.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The emerging roles of DNA methylation in the clinical management of prostate cancer.
Perry et al.
Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13:357-377.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Quantifying the contributions of three types of information to the prediction of criminal conviction using the receiver operating characteristic
BUCHANAN and LEESE
Br. J. Psychiatry 2006;188:472-478.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Combined endorectal and phased-array MRI in the prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer.
Wang et al.
Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006;186:743-748.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prediction of Organ-confined Prostate Cancer: Incremental Value of MR Imaging and MR Spectroscopic Imaging to Staging Nomograms
Wang et al.
Radiology 2005;0:2382041905.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Early Versus Delayed Androgen Deprivation for Prostate Cancer: New Fuel for an Old Debate
Ryan and Small
JCO 2005;23:8225-8231.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Staging Prostate Cancer with Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Endorectal MR Imaging prior to Radical Prostatectomy: Experienced versus Less Experienced Readers
Futterer et al.
Radiology 2005;237:541-549.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Stable Suppression of Tumorigenicity by Pin1-Targeted RNA Interference in Prostate Cancer
Ryo et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:7523-7531.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Expression of core 2 {beta}1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase facilitates prostate cancer progression
Hagisawa et al.
Glycobiology 2005;15:1016-1024.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Advances in radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Ash
Br. J. Radiol. 2005;78:S112-S116.
FULL TEXT  

Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-5 in Prostate Cancer Predicts Early Recurrence
Li et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:5863-5868.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Evaluation and Management of Prostate-specific Antigen Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Naito
Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005;35:365-374.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Decreased {alpha}-Methylacyl CoA Racemase Expression in Localized Prostate Cancer is Associated with an Increased Rate of Biochemical Recurrence and Cancer-Specific Death
Rubin et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1424-1432.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preoperative Serum DNA GSTP1 CpG Island Hypermethylation and the Risk of Early Prostate-Specific Antigen Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy
Bastian et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:4037-4043.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diagnostic and Prognostic Information in Prostate Cancer with the Help of a Small Set of Hypermethylated Gene Loci
Bastian et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:4097-4106.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Stronger Association between Obesity and Biochemical Progression after Radical Prostatectomy among Men Treated in the Last 10 Years
Freedland et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:2883-2888.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Randomized Trial Comparing Iridium Implant Plus External-Beam Radiation Therapy With External-Beam Radiation Therapy Alone in Node-Negative Locally Advanced Cancer of the Prostate
Sathya et al.
JCO 2005;23:1192-1199.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Functional Outcomes in the 5 Years After Diagnosis of Localized Prostate Cancer
Johnson et al.
JCO 2004;22:4193-4201.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Health-Related Quality of Life, Satisfaction, and Economic Outcome Measures in Studies of Prostate Cancer Screening and Treatment, 1990-2000
McNaughton-Collins et al.
J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2004;2004:78-101.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

DNA replication regulation protein Mcm7 as a marker of proliferation in prostate cancer
Padmanabhan et al.
J. Clin. Pathol. 2004;57:1057-1062.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate-Specific Antigen Doubling Time as a Surrogate Marker for Evaluation of Oncologic Drugs to Treat Prostate Cancer
Kelloff et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2004;10:3927-3933.
FULL TEXT  

Association of Preoperative Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 With Lymph Node Status and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy
Shariat et al.
JCO 2004;22:1655-1663.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Elevated Expression of Valosin-Containing Protein (p97) Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Prostate Cancer
Tsujimoto et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2004;10:3007-3012.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Pre- and Postoperative Plasma Levels of Transforming Growth Factor {beta}1 and Interleukin 6 and Its Soluble Receptor with Prostate Cancer Progression
Shariat et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2004;10:1992-1999.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Membranous Expression of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 Predicts for Good Prognosis in Localized Prostate Cancer and Inhibits PC3 Cellular Proliferation in Vitro
Horvath et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2004;10:615-625.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer Patients with Prostate-specific Antigen >20 ng/ml
Ou et al.
Jpn J Clin Oncol 2003;33:574-579.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Prolyl Isomerase Pin1 Is a Novel Prognostic Marker in Human Prostate Cancer
Ayala et al.
Cancer Res. 2003;63:6244-6251.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Addition of Interleukin-6 Soluble Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 Improves a Preoperative Nomogram for Predicting Biochemical Progression in Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Kattan et al.
JCO 2003;21:3573-3579.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate cancer management: (1) an update on localised disease
Bott et al.
Postgrad. Med. J. 2003;79:575-580.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Do Older Men Benefit From Curative Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer?
Alibhai et al.
JCO 2003;21:3318-3327.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Molecular biology of prostate cancer
Schulz et al.
Mol Hum Reprod 2003;9:437-448.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Noninvasive Detection of Clinically Occult Lymph-Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Harisinghani et al.
NEJM 2003;348:2491-2499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relative mRNA Expression Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase to E-Cadherin in Prostate Biopsy Specimens Distinguishes Organ-confined from Advanced Prostate Cancer at Radical Prostatectomy
Kuniyasu et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2003;9:2185-2194.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Management of High-Risk Populations with Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
Khan and Partin
The Oncologist 2003;8:259-269.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Quality-of-Care Indicators for Early-Stage Prostate Cancer
Spencer et al.
JCO 2003;21:1928-1936.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Multiplex Biomarker Approach for Determining Risk of Prostate-Specific Antigen-Defined Recurrence of Prostate Cancer
Rhodes et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:661-668.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Detection of Clinically Significant, Occult Prostate Cancer Metastases in Lymph Nodes Using a Splice Variant-Specific RT-PCR Assay for Human Glandular Kallikrein
Shariat et al.
JCO 2003;21:1223-1231.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prognostic Model for Predicting Survival in Men With Hormone-Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Halabi et al.
JCO 2003;21:1232-1237.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

An Argument Against Routine Prostate Cancer Screening
Hoffman
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:663-665.
FULL TEXT  

Preoperative Staging of Pelvic Lymph Nodes in Prostate Cancer by 11C-Choline PET
de Jong et al.
JNM 2003;44:331-335.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Artificial Neural Network Analysis for Predicting Pathological Stage of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer in the Japanese Population
Matsui et al.
Jpn J Clin Oncol 2002;32:530-535.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comparison of Logistic Regression and Neural Net Modeling for Prediction of Prostate Cancer Pathologic Stage
Veltri et al.
Clin. Chem. 2002;48:1828-1834.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predicting Prostate-Specific Antigen Recurrence Established: Now, Who Will Survive?
D'Amico
JCO 2002;20:3188-3190.
FULL TEXT  

Analysis of Clinical Stage T2 Prostate Cancer: Do Current Subclassifications Represent an Improvement?
Cagiannos et al.
JCO 2002;20:2025-2030.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Androgen Deprivation as Primary Treatment for Early Prostate Cancer: Should We "Just Do Something"?
Talcott
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:407-409.
FULL TEXT  

Quality of Life Following Localized Prostate Cancer Treated Initially with Androgen Deprivation Therapy or No Therapy
Potosky et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:430-437.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Factors Associated With Initial Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study
Harlan et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1864-1871.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Mass Spectroscopy as a Discovery Tool for Identifying Serum Markers for Prostate Cancer
Hlavaty et al.
Clin. Chem. 2001;47:1924-1926.
FULL TEXT  

Deletions on Chromosome 8p22 May Predict Disease Progression As Well As Pathological Staging in Prostate Cancer
Matsuyama et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:3139-3143.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prognostic Significance of Pathologic Features in Localized Prostate Cancer Treated With Radical Prostatectomy: Implications for Staging Systems and Predictive Models
Quinn et al.
JCO 2001;19:3692-3705.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preoperative Plasma Levels of Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 (TGF-{beta}1) Strongly Predict Progression in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy
Shariat et al.
JCO 2001;19:2856-2864.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Quantitative Model for the Dynamics of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Cancerous Growth : An Explanation for a Medical Anomaly
Swanson et al.
Am. J. Pathol. 2001;158:2195-2199.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Systematic overview of the evidence for brachytherapy in clinically localized prostate cancer
Crook et al.
CMAJ 2001;164:975-981.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progressing Prostate Carcinoma
Haut et al.
The Oncologist 2001;6:183-196.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Study of Pretreatment Nomograms to Predict Pathological Stage and Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Resectable Prostate Cancer in Japanese Men
Egawa et al.
Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001;31:74-81.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Independent Association of Angiogenesis Index with Outcome in Prostate Cancer
Mehta et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:81-88.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate Cancer: What Is the Future Role for Imaging?
Thornbury et al.
Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001;176:17-22.
FULL TEXT  

Pretreatment Nomogram for Predicting the Outcome of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer
Kattan et al.
JCO 2000;18:3352-3359.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Endorectal Color Doppler Sonography and Endorectal MR Imaging Features of Nonpalpable Prostate Cancer: Correlation with Radical Prostatectomy Findings
Cornud et al.
Am. J. Roentgenol. 2000;175:1161-1168.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preoperative Prediction of Surgical Margin Status in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated by Radical Prostatectomy
Cheng et al.
JCO 2000;18:2862-2868.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comparison of Recommendations by Urologists and Radiation Oncologists for Treatment of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Fowler et al.
JAMA 2000;283:3217-3222.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relative Expression of Type IV Collagenase, E-cadherin, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Vascular Permeability Factor in Prostatectomy Specimens Distinguishes Organ-confined from Pathologically Advanced Prostate Cancers
Kuniyasu et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:2295-2308.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostate Biopsy: A Wealth of Information When Done and Interpreted Correctly
Carroll
JCO 2000;18:1161-1163.
FULL TEXT  

Clinical Utility of the Percentage of Positive Prostate Biopsies in Defining Biochemical Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy for Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
D’Amico et al.
JCO 2000;18:1164-1172.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy Followed by Radical Prostatectomy: Feasibility and Preliminary Results
Pettaway et al.
JCO 2000;18:1050-1050.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Caveolin-1 Expression in Clinically Confined Human Prostate Cancer: A Novel Prognostic Marker
Yang et al.
Cancer Res. 1999;59:5719-5723.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Declining Rates of Extracapsular Extension After Radical Prostatectomy: Evidence for Continued Stage Migration
Jhaveri et al.
JCO 1999;17:3167-3172.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predicting Tumor Failure in Prostate Carcinoma after Definitive Radiation Therapy: Limitations of Models Based on Prostate-specific Antigen, Clinical Stage, and Gleason Score
Vollmer and Montana
Clin. Cancer Res. 1999;5:2476-2484.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prostatectomy, External Beam Radiation Therapy, or Brachytherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Fuller et al.
JAMA 1999;281:1583-1586.
FULL TEXT  

Management of Prostate Cancer After Prostatectomy: Treating the Patient, Not the PSA
Scher
JAMA 1999;281:1642-1645.
FULL TEXT  

Postoperative Nomogram for Disease Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer
Kattan et al.
JCO 1999;17:1499-1499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pretreatment Nomogram for Prostate-Specific Antigen Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy or External-Beam Radiation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
D'Amico et al.
JCO 1999;17:168-168.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Oncodiagnosis Panel: 1997 : Prostatic Carcinoma
Lawton et al.
RadioGraphics 1999;19:185-203.
FULL TEXT  

Predicting Pathological Stage of Localized Prostate Cancer
Petros
JAMA 1997;278:981-981.
ABSTRACT  

Predicting Pathological Stage of Localized Prostate Cancer
Naitoh et al.
JAMA 1997;278:980-981.
ABSTRACT  

Free PSA as a Percentage of the Total: Where Do We Go from Here?
Moore
Clin. Chem. 1997;43:1561-1562.
FULL TEXT  

Screening Strategies for Cancer: Implications and Results
Chabner et al.
JAMA 1997;277:1475-1476.
ABSTRACT