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A Randomized Controlled Trial

John B. Jemmott III, PhD; Loretta Sweet Jemmott, PhD, RN, FAAN; Geoffrey T. Fong, PhD

JAMA. 1998;279:1529-1536.

Context.— African American adolescents are at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which behavioral interventions to reduce risk are most effective and who should conduct them is not known.

Objective.— To evaluate the effects of abstinence and safer-sex HIV risk-reduction interventions on young inner-city African American adolescents' HIV sexual risk behaviors when implemented by adult facilitators as compared with peer cofacilitators.

Design.— Randomized controlled trial with 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up.

Setting.— Three middle schools serving low-income African American communities in Philadelphia, Pa.

Participants.— A total of 659 African American adolescents recruited for a Saturday program.

Interventions.— Based on cognitive-behavioral theories and elicitation research, interventions involved 8 1-hour modules implemented by adult facilitators or peer cofacilitators. Abstinence intervention stressed delaying sexual intercourse or reducing its frequency; safer-sex intervention stressed condom use; control intervention concerned health issues unrelated to sexual behavior.

Main Outcome Measures.— Self-reported sexual intercourse, condom use, and unprotected sexual intercourse.

Results.— Mean age of the enrollees was 11.8 years; 53% were female and 92.6% were still enrolled at 12 months. Abstinence intervention participants were less likely to report having sexual intercourse in the 3 months after intervention than were control group participants (12.5% vs 21.5%, P=.02), but not at 6- or 12-month follow-up (17.2% vs 22.7%, P=.14; 20.0% vs 23.1%, P=.42, respectively). Safer-sex intervention participants reported significantly more consistent condom use than did control group participants at 3 months (odds ratio [OR]=3.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-9.16) and higher frequency of condom use at all follow-ups. Among adolescents who reported sexual experience at baseline, the safer-sex intervention group reported less sexual intercourse in the previous 3 months at 6- and 12-month follow-up than did control and abstinence intervention (adjusted mean days over prior 3 months, 1.34 vs 3.77 and 3.03, respectively; P.01 at 12-month follow-up) and less unprotected intercourse at all follow-ups than did control group (adjusted mean days, 0.04 vs 1.85, respectively, P<.001, at 12-month follow-up). There were no differences in intervention effects with adult facilitators as compared with peer cofacilitators.

Conclusion.— Both abstinence and safer-sex interventions can reduce HIV sexual risk behaviors, but safer-sex interventions may be especially effective with sexually experienced adolescents and may have longer-lasting effects.

From the Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (Dr J. B. Jemmott); the School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr L. S. Jemmott); and the Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario (Dr Fong).

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