You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT JAMA
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 280 No. 19, November 18, 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  JAMA
  •  Online Features
  Special Communication
 This Article
 •Full text
 •PDF
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Citing articles on ISI (859)
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Related letters
 •Similar articles in JAMA
 Social Bookmarking
  Add to CiteULike Add to Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Add to Digg Add to Reddit Add to Technorati
What's this?

What's the Relative Risk?

A Method of Correcting the Odds Ratio in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes

Jun Zhang, MB, PhD; Kai F. Yu, PhD

JAMA. 1998;280:1690-1691.

Logistic regression is used frequently in cohort studies and clinical trials. When the incidence of an outcome of interest is common in the study population (>10%), the adjusted odds ratio derived from the logistic regression can no longer approximate the risk ratio. The more frequent the outcome, the more the odds ratio overestimates the risk ratio when it is more than 1 or underestimates it when it is less than 1. We propose a simple method to approximate a risk ratio from the adjusted odds ratio and derive an estimate of an association or treatment effect that better represents the true relative risk.


From the Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.



Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati     What's this?

RELATED LETTERS

Correcting the Odds Ratio in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes
Louise-Anne McNutt, Jean-Paul Hafner, Xiaonan Xue, Kai F. Yu, and Jun Zhang
JAMA. 1999;282(6):529.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diuretics in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Renal Failure—Reply
Ravindra L. Mehta and Glenn M. Chertow
JAMA. 2003;289(11):1380-1381.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Early Exposure to Marijuana and Risk of Later Drug Use
Peter Cummings
JAMA. 2003;290(3):329.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Pretreatment Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentrations Predict Radiographic Osteoarthritis in Acromegalic Patients with Long-Term Cured Disease
Biermasz et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:2374-2379.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pediatric Specialized Transport Teams Are Associated With Improved Outcomes
Orr et al.
Pediatrics 2009;124:40-48.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Maternal Psychopathology on Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children Exposed to Terrorism: Use of Generalized Estimating Equations to Integrate Multiple Informant Reports
Nomura and Chemtob
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:531-539.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Persistent pathogens linking socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease in the US
Simanek et al.
Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:775-787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction
Champney et al.
Heart 2009;95:895-899.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is Previous Psychological Health Associated With the Likelihood of Iraq War Deployment? An Investigation of the "Healthy Warrior Effect"
Wilson et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:1362-1369.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Optimized Antidepressant Therapy and Pain Self-management in Primary Care Patients With Depression and Musculoskeletal Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kroenke et al.
JAMA 2009;301:2099-2110.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relative Merits of Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios
Cummings
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:438-445.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Use of Stroke Secondary Prevention Services: Are There Disparities in Care?
Ross et al.
Stroke 2009;40:1811-1819.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Principles of Designing an Orthopaedic Case-Control Study
Busse and Obremskey
JBJS 2009;91:15-20.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Physician Certification and Outcomes Among Patients Receiving an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Curtis et al.
JAMA 2009;301:1661-1670.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Trends in Perinatal and Infant Health Disparities Between Rural American Indians and Alaska Natives and Rural Whites
Baldwin et al.
Am. J. Public Health 2009;99:638-646.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychiatric Diagnosis as a Risk Marker for Victimization in a National Sample of Children
Cuevas et al.
J Interpers Violence 2009;24:636-652.
ABSTRACT  

Body Mass Index and Hypertension Hemodynamic Subtypes in the Adult US Population
Chirinos et al.
Arch Intern Med 2009;169:580-586.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cinacalcet Lowers Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Belozeroff et al.
CJASN 2009;4:673-679.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Racial Differences In Hospital Use After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Does Residential Segregation Play A Role?
Sarrazin et al.
Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28:w368-w378.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Accessing Antiretroviral Therapy Following Release From Prison
Baillargeon et al.
JAMA 2009;301:848-857.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Overview of clinical research design
Hartung and Touchette
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66:398-408.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Association Between Physical Activity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Bertoni et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:444-454.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial
Ferraro et al.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:156-160.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Racial Disparities Among Patients With Lung Cancer Who Were Recommended Operative Therapy
Farjah et al.
Arch Surg 2009;144:14-18.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Potential population impact of changes in heroin treatment and smoking prevalence rates: using Population Impact Measures
Torun et al.
Eur J Public Health 2009;19:28-31.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Tracking and Feedback Registry to Reduce Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Care
Bickell et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1717-1723.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Methods for Estimating Medical Expenditures Attributable to Intimate Partner Violence
Brown et al.
J Interpers Violence 2008;23:1747-1766.
ABSTRACT  

What next for preimplantation genetic screening? More randomized controlled trials needed?
Mastenbroek et al.
Hum Reprod 2008;23:2626-2628.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Nonscientific Factors Associated with Acceptance for Publication in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume)
Okike et al.
JBJS 2008;90:2432-2437.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood Pressure in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Report From the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study
Flynn et al.
Hypertension 2008;52:631-637.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pregnancy outcome in women before and after cervical conisation: population based cohort study
Albrechtsen et al.
BMJ 2008;337:a1343-a1343.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lymph Node Evaluation as a Colon Cancer Quality Measure: A National Hospital Report Card
Bilimoria et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1310-1317.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Infection Among Married Indian Women
Silverman et al.
JAMA 2008;300:703-710.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Self-Reported Distress After Cognitive Testing in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Lai et al.
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2008;63:855-859.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exhaled nitric oxide predicts lung function decline in difficult-to-treat asthma
van Veen et al.
Eur Respir J 2008;32:344-349.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Innate production of tumour necrosis factor {alpha} and interleukin 10 is associated with radiological progression of knee osteoarthritis
Botha-Scheepers et al.
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1165-1169.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Approaches for estimating prevalence ratios
Deddens and Petersen
Occup. Environ. Med. 2008;65:501-506.
FULL TEXT  

Frequent and long-term absence as a risk factor for work disability and job termination among employees in the private sector
Koopmans et al.
Occup. Environ. Med. 2008;65:494-499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal Diabetes and Obesity With Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: The SEARCH Case-Control Study
Dabelea et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:1422-1426.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Changes in bone mineral density in patients with recent onset, active rheumatoid arthritis
Guler-Yuksel et al.
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:823-828.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Residual Treatment Disparities After Oncology Referral for Rectal Cancer
Morris et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:738-744.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Use of Recommended Ambulatory Care Services: Is the Veterans Affairs Quality Gap Narrowing?
Ross et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:950-958.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome
Baik and Shin
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1455-1463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence and Spending on Basic Needs Following Implementation of Medicare Part D
Madden et al.
JAMA 2008;299:1922-1928.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disparities and Trends in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Among Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients (1998-2005)
Chen et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:462-474.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

CKD Increases the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Liew et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008;19:806-811.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cervical Length at Mid-Pregnancy and the Risk of Primary Cesarean Delivery
Smith et al.
NEJM 2008;358:1346-1353.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Large-Scale Analysis of Association Between LRP5 and LRP6 Variants and Osteoporosis
van Meurs et al.
JAMA 2008;299:1277-1290.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Systematic Review: Randomized, Controlled Trials of Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Shamliyan et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2008;148:459-473.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Randomized Trial of Direct-to-Patient Communication to Enhance Adherence to {beta}-Blocker Therapy Following Myocardial Infarction
Smith et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:477-483.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Resident Physicians' Life Expectancy Estimates and Colon Cancer Screening Recommendations in Elderly Patients
Lewis et al.
Med Decis Making 2008;28:254-261.
ABSTRACT  

Penicillin-resistant pneumococcus and risk of treatment failure in pneumonia
Cardoso et al.
Arch. Dis. Child. 2008;93:221-225.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Perceptions and Psychosocial Outcomes of Women With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Longitudinal Results From a Cohort Study
Partridge et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:243-251.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regional Variation in Cardiac Catheterization Appropriateness and Baseline Risk After Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Ko et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:716-723.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Surgeon Characteristics and Receipt of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Women With Breast Cancer
Hershman et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:199-206.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Patient race/ethnicity, age, gender and education are not related to preference for or response to disclosure
Hobgood et al.
Qual Saf Health Care 2008;17:65-70.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Educational Disparities in Rates of Smoking Among Diabetic Adults: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Study
Karter et al.
Am. J. Public Health 2008;98:365-370.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Active Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Willi et al.
JAMA 2007;298:2654-2664.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D insufficiency in children, adolescents, and young adults with cystic fibrosis despite routine oral supplementation
Rovner et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:1694-1699.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Use of Preventive Care by Elderly Male Veterans Receiving Care Through the Veterans Health Administration, Medicare Fee-for-Service, and Medicare HMO Plans
Keyhani et al.
Am. J. Public Health 2007;97:2179-2185.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Possible Overestimation of the Effect of Aspirin Reply
Chan and Fuchs
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2373-2373.
FULL TEXT  

A Possible Overestimation of the Effect of Aspirin
Snoep et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2372-2373.
FULL TEXT  

Disability in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Hjern et al.
JCO 2007;25:5262-5266.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reply to D Sluik et al
Esmaillzadeh and Azadbakht
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:1548-1549.
FULL TEXT  

Bone mineral density in patients with recently diagnosed, active rheumatoid arthritis
Guler-Yuksel et al.
Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1508-1512.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pertussis requiring intensive care
Surridge et al.
Arch. Dis. Child. 2007;92:970-975.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Intensive Care Unit Organizational Model and Structure on Outcomes in Patients with Acute Lung Injury
Treggiari et al.
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007;176:685-690.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of drug combinations on admission for recurrent myocardial infarction
van der Elst et al.
Heart 2007;93:1226-1230.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Detection Bias Due to the Effect of Finasteride on Prostate Volume: A Modeling Approach for Analysis of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Cohen et al.
JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1366-1374.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Understanding Associations Between Serious Mental Illness and HIV Among Patients in the VA Health System
Himelhoch et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2007;58:1165-1172.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Familial Pathways to Early-Onset Suicidal Behavior: Familial and Individual Antecedents of Suicidal Behavior
Melhem et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2007;164:1364-1370.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thyroid Echogenicity Predicts Outcome of Radioiodine Therapy in Patients with Graves' Disease
Markovic and Eterovic
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:3547-3552.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Troponin Status With Guideline-Based Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Older Persons
Shah et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1621-1628.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progesterone and the Risk of Preterm Birth among Women with a Short Cervix
Fonseca et al.
NEJM 2007;357:462-469.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

HIV Prevalence and Predictors of Infection in Sex-Trafficked Nepalese Girls and Women
Silverman et al.
JAMA 2007;298:536-542.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

CM-MM and ACE genotypes and physiological prediction of the creatine kinase response to exercise
Heled et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2007;103:504-510.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Weekday but not weekend alcohol consumption before pregnancy influences alcohol cessation during pregnancy
Palma et al.
Eur J Public Health 2007;17:394-399.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Circulatory disease and smokeless tobacco in Western populations: a review of the evidence
Lee
Int J Epidemiol 2007;36:789-804.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Preterm Infants as Young Adults: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Lindstrom et al.
Pediatrics 2007;120:70-77.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Levels of beta-Secretase (BACE1) in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Predictor of Risk in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Zhong et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:718-726.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Matched follow-up study of 5-8 year old ICSI-singletons: comparison of their neuromotor development to IVF and naturally conceived singletons
Knoester et al.
Hum Reprod 2007;22:1638-1646.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Assessing the population impact of low rates of breast feeding on asthma, coeliac disease and obesity: the use of a new statistical method
Akobeng and Heller
Arch. Dis. Child. 2007;92:483-485.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exploring the Treatment-Risk Paradox in Coronary Disease
McAlister et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1019-1025.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Differences in HIV Care Between Patients With and Without Severe Mental Illness
Fremont et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2007;58:681-688.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Family History of Diabetes, Awareness of Risk Factors, and Health Behaviors Among African Americans
Baptiste-Roberts et al.
Am. J. Public Health 2007;97:907-912.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is cumulative exposure to economic hardships more hazardous to women's health than men's? A 16-year follow-up study of the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions
Ahnquist et al.
J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2007;61:331-336.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1998 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.