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Violence and Threats of Violence Experienced by Public Health Field-Workers
Joann M. Schulte, DO;
Beverly J. Nolt;
Robert L. Williams;
Cynthia L. Spinks;
James J. Hellsten, PhD
JAMA. 1998;280:439-442.
Context.— Public health workers may work with clients whose behaviors are risks for both infectious disease and violence.
Objective.— To assess frequency of violent threats and incidents experienced by public health workers and risk factors associated with incidents.
Design.— Anonymous, self-administered questionnaires.
Setting.— Texas sexually transmitted disease (STD), human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and tuberculosis (TB) programs.
Participants.— Questionnaires were completed by 364 (95.5%) of 381 public health workers assigned to the programs. The STD program employed 131 workers (36%), the HIV/AIDS program, 121 workers (33%), and the TB program, 112 workers (31%).
Main Outcome Measures.— The frequencies with which workers had ever experienced (while on the job) verbal threats, weapon threats, physical attacks, and rape, and risk factors associated with those outcomes.
Results.— A total of 139 (38%) of 364 workers reported 611 violent incidents. Verbal threats were reported by 136 workers (37%), weapon threats by 45 (12%), physical attacks by 14 (4%), and rape by 3 (1%). Five workers (1%) carried guns and/or knives while working. In multiple logistic regression, receipt of verbal threats was associated with worker's male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.0), white ethnicity (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.1), experience of 5 years or longer (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.8), weekend work (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1), and sexual remarks made to the worker by clients (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.5). Receipt of weapon threats was associated with worker's male sex (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 2.4-15.3), white ethnicity (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.8-9.3), age of 40 years or older (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8), work experience of 5 years or longer (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.0), rural work (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.1), being alone with the opposite sex (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6-9.7), and interaction with homeless clients (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.7-18.8). Physical attacks were associated with sexual remarks made to the worker by clients (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4-13.9). No risk factors predicting rape were identified.
Conclusions.— Violence directed toward public field-workers is a common occupational hazard. An assessment of what situations, clients, and locations pose the risk of violence to public health workers is needed.
From the Bureau of HIV/STD Prevention, Texas Department of Health, Austin.
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