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Improved Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival Through the Inexpensive Optimization of an Existing Defibrillation Program
OPALS Study Phase II
Ian G. Stiell, MD, MSc, FRCPC;
George A. Wells, PhD;
Brian J. Field III, EMA;
Daniel W. Spaite, MD;
Valerie J. De Maio, MSc;
Roxanne Ward, RN;
Douglas P. Munkley, MD, MCFP(EM);
Marion B. Lyver, MD, FRCPC, MCFP(EM);
Lorraine G. Luinstra, BScN, MHA;
Tony Campeau, BSc;
Justin Maloney, MD, FRCPC;
Eugene Dagnone, MD, FRCPC;
for the OPALS Study Group
JAMA. 1999;281:1175-1181.
Context Survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are low; published survival rates in Ontario are only 2.5%. This study represents phase II of the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) study, which is designed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of various prehospital interventions for patients with cardiac arrest, trauma, and critical illnesses.
Objective To assess the impact on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival of the implementation of a rapid defibrillation program in a large multicenter emergency medical services (EMS) system with existing basic life support and defibrillation (BLS-D) level of care.
Design Controlled clinical trial comparing survival for 36 months before (phase I) and 12 months after (phase II) system optimization.
Setting Nineteen urban and suburban Ontario communities (populations ranging from 16,000 to 750,000 [total, 2.7 million]).
Patients All patients who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the study communities for whom resuscitation was attempted by emergency responders.
Interventions Study communities optimized their EMS systems to achieve the target response interval from when a call was received until a vehicle stopped with a defibrillator of 8 minutes or less for 90% of cardiac arrest cases. Working both locally and provincially, communities implemented multiple measures, including defibrillation by firefighters, base paging, tiered response agreements with fire departments, continuous quality improvement for response intervals, and province-wide revision and implementation of standard dispatch policies. All response times were obtained from a central dispatch system.
Main Outcome Measure Survival to hospital discharge.
Results The 4690 cardiac arrest patients studied in phase I and the 1641 in phase II were similar for all clinical and demographic characteristics, including age, sex, witnessed status, rhythm, and receipt of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The proportion of cases meeting the 8-minute response criterion improved (76.7% vs 92.5%; P<.001) as did most median response intervals. Overall survival to hospital discharge for all rhythm groups combined improved from 3.9% to 5.2% (P=.03). The 33% relative increase in survival represents an additional 21 lives saved each year in the study communities (approximately 1 life per 120,000 residents). The charges were estimated to be US $46,900 per life saved for establishing the rapid defibrillation program and US $2400 per life saved annually for maintaining the program.
Conclusion An inexpensive, multifaceted system optimization approach to rapid defibrillation can lead to significant improvements in survival after cardiac arrest in a large BLS-D EMS system.
Author Affilations: Division of Emergency Medicine (Drs Stiell and Maloney), Department of Medicine (Dr Wells), and Ottawa Civic Hospital Loeb Health Research Institute (Mss De Maio and Ward), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Sunnybrook Base Hospital Program, Toronto, Ontario (Mr Field); Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson (Dr Spaite); Niagara Regional Base Hospital Program, Niagara Falls (Dr Munkley and Ms Luinstra), Department of Emergency Medicine, Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital, Burlington (Dr Lyver), Ontario Ministry of Health, Toronto (Mr Campeau), and Division of Emergency Medicine, Queens University, Kingston (Dr Dagnone), Ontario. Dr Stiell is a career scientist of the Medical Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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