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Steven M. Asch, MD, MPH; Elizabeth M. Sloss, PhD; Christopher Hogan, PhD; Robert H. Brook, MD, PhD; Richard L. Kravitz, MD, MSPH

JAMA. 2000;284:2325-2333.

Context  Continuing changes in the health care delivery system make it essential to monitor underuse of needed care, even for relatively well-insured populations. Traditional approaches to measuring underuse have relied on patient surveys and chart reviews, which are expensive, or simple single-condition claims-based indicators, which are not clinically convincing.

Objective  To develop a comprehensive, low-cost system for measuring underuse of necessary care among elderly patients using inpatient and outpatient Medicare claims.

Design  A 7-member, multispecialty expert physician panel was assembled and used a modified Delphi method to develop clinically detailed underuse indicators likely to be associated with avoidable poor outcomes for 15 common acute and chronic medical and surgical conditions. An automated system was developed to calculate the indicators using administrative data.

Setting and Subjects  A total of 345,253 randomly selected elderly US Medicare beneficiaries in 1994-1996.

Main Outcome Measures  Proportion of beneficiaries receiving care, stratified by indicators of necessary care (n = 40, including 3 for preventive care), and avoidable outcomes (n = 6).

Results  For 16 of 40 necessary care indicators (including preventive care indicators), beneficiaries received the indicated care less than two thirds of the time. Of all indicators, African Americans scored significantly worse than whites on 16 and better on 2; residents of poverty areas scored significantly lower than nonresidents on 17 and higher on 1; residents of federally defined Health Professional Shortage Areas scored significantly lower than nonresidents on 16 and higher on none (P<.05 for all).

Conclusions  This claims-based method detected substantial underuse problems likely to result in negative outcomes in elderly populations. Significantly more underuse problems were detected in populations known to receive less-than-average medical care. The method can serve as a reliable, valid tool for monitoring trends in underuse of needed care for older patients and for comparing care across health care plans and geographic areas based on claims data.

Author Affiliations: RAND, Santa Monica, Calif (Drs Asch, Sloss, Brook, and Kravitz); University of California, Los Angeles (Drs Asch and Brook), and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (Dr Asch), Los Angeles, Calif; Direct Research, Vienna, Va (Dr Hogan); and University of California, Davis, Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care (Dr Kravitz).

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