This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (499)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Related letter  • Related articles  • Similar articles in JAMA  Topic Collections  • Primary Care/ Family Medicine  • Cardiovascular System  • Diagnosis  • Cardiovascular Disease/ Myocardial Infarction  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Alan T. Hirsch, MD; Michael H. Criqui, MD,MPH; Diane Treat-Jacobson, PhD,RN; Judith G. Regensteiner, PhD; Mark A. Creager, MD; Jeffrey W. Olin, DO; Susan H. Krook, PhD; Donald B. Hunninghake, MD; Anthony J. Comerota, MD; M. Eileen Walsh, RN,MSN,CVN; Mary M. McDermott, MD; William R. Hiatt, MD

JAMA. 2001;286:1317-1324.

Context  Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis that is common and is associated with an increased risk of death and ischemic events, yet may be underdiagnosed in primary care practice.

Objective  To assess the feasibility of detecting PAD in primary care clinics, patient and physician awareness of PAD, and intensity of risk factor treatment and use of antiplatelet therapies in primary care clinics.

Design and Setting  The PAD Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) program, a multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted at 27 sites in 25 cities and 350 primary care practices throughout the United States in June-October 1999.

Patients  A total of 6979 patients aged 70 years or older or aged 50 through 69 years with history of cigarette smoking or diabetes were evaluated by history and by measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). PAD was considered present if the ABI was 0.90 or less, if it was documented in the medical record, or if there was a history of limb revascularization. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as a history of atherosclerotic coronary, cerebral, or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease.

Main Outcome Measures  Frequency of detection of PAD; physician and patient awareness of PAD diagnosis; treatment intensity in PAD patients compared with treatment of other forms of CVD and with patients without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis.

Results  PAD was detected in 1865 patients (29%); 825 of these (44%) had PAD only, without evidence of CVD. Overall, 13% had PAD only, 16% had PAD and CVD, 24% had CVD only, and 47% had neither PAD nor CVD (the reference group). There were 457 patients (55%) with newly diagnosed PAD only and 366 (35%) with PAD and CVD who were newly diagnosed during the survey. Eighty-three percent of patients with prior PAD were aware of their diagnosis, but only 49% of physicians were aware of this diagnosis. Among patients with PAD, classic claudication was distinctly uncommon (11%). Patients with PAD had similar atherosclerosis risk factor profiles compared with those who had CVD. Smoking behavior was more frequently treated in patients with new (53%) and prior PAD (51%) only than in those with CVD only (35%; P <.001). Hypertension was treated less frequently in new (84%) and prior PAD (88%) only vs CVD only (95%; P <.001) and hyperlipidemia was treated less frequently in new (44%) and prior PAD (56%) only vs CVD only (73%, P<.001). Antiplatelet medications were prescribed less often in patients with new (33%) and prior PAD (54%) only vs CVD only (71%, P<.001). Treatment intensity for diabetes and use of hormone replacement therapy in women were similar across all groups.

Conclusions  Prevalence of PAD in primary care practices is high, yet physician awareness of the PAD diagnosis is relatively low. A simple ABI measurement identified a large number of patients with previously unrecognized PAD. Atherosclerosis risk factors were very prevalent in PAD patients, but these patients received less intensive treatment for lipid disorders and hypertension and were prescribed antiplatelet therapy less frequently than were patients with CVD. These results demonstrate that underdiagnosis of PAD in primary care practice may be a barrier to effective secondary prevention of the high ischemic cardiovascular risk associated with PAD.

Author Affiliations, PARTNERS Investigators, and Financial Disclosure: Vascular Medicine Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Hirsch, Treat-Jacobson, Krook, and Hunninghake); Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego (Dr Criqui); University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (Dr Regensteiner) and Divisions of Geriatrics and Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (Dr Hiatt), Denver; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (Dr Creager); Heart and Vascular Institute, Morristown, NJ (Dr Olin); Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Comerota); Jobst Center, Toledo, Ohio (Ms Walsh); and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill (Dr McDermott).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

RELATED LETTER

Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Hyman Gaylis, Linda S. Geiss, Edward Gregg, Michael M. Engelgau, Ryne Paulose Ram, Mark S. Eberhardt, Vicki L. Burt, Joel H. Merenstein, Masahito Jimbo, Roy E. Fried, Alan T. Hirsch, William R. Hiatt, Michael H. Criqui, and Kenneth Ouriel
JAMA. 2002;287(3):313-316.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

RELATED ARTICLES

Detection of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Primary Care
Kenneth Ouriel
JAMA. 2001;286(11):1380-1381.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

September 19, 2001
JAMA. 2001;286(11):1389-1390.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Peripheral Arterial Disease
JAMA. 2001;286(11):1406.
PDF  

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Association of Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease With Vascular Events in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Sen et al.
Stroke 2009;40:3472-3477.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intra-Arterial Transplantation of Adult Bone Marrow Cells Restores Blood Flow and Regenerates Skeletal Muscle in Ischemic Limbs
Liu et al.
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG 2009;43:433-443.
ABSTRACT  

The role of biomarkers and genetics in peripheral arterial disease.
McDermott and Lloyd-Jones
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1228-1237.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

ACCF/AHA/ACP 2009 competence and training statement: a curriculum on prevention of cardiovascular disease.
American College of Cardiology Foundation et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1336-1363.
FULL TEXT  

ACCF/AHA/ACP 2009 Competence and Training Statement: A Curriculum on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Competence and Training (Writing Committee to Develop a Competence and Training Statement on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; American College of Preventive Medicine; American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association; American Society of Hypertension; Association of Black Cardiologists; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Lipid Association; and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association
WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS et al.
Circulation 2009;120:e100-e126.
FULL TEXT  

Multifactorial determinants of functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease: uncoupling of calf muscle perfusion and metabolism.
Anderson et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:628-635.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Interobserver variability of ankle-brachial index measurements at rest and post exercise in patients with intermittent claudication
van Langen et al.
Vasc Med 2009;14:221-226.
ABSTRACT  

Benefits of Low-Intensity Pain-Free Treadmill Exercise on Functional Capacity of Individuals Presenting With Intermittent Claudication Due to Peripheral Arterial Disease
Barak et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:477-486.
ABSTRACT  

Significance of Close Surveillance of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Barrows et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:462-467.
ABSTRACT  

Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Placental-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (PLX-PAD) Following Intramuscular Delivery
Ramot et al.
Toxicol Pathol 2009;37:606-616.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Type D Personality and Mortality in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Pilot Study
Aquarius et al.
Arch Surg 2009;144:728-733.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vascular Disease Burden and In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in New York State
Berger et al.
Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:317-322.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Peripheral Artery Disease and Glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study
Jeganathan et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:888-893.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Field Synopsis and Meta-Analysis of Genetic Association Studies in Peripheral Arterial Disease: The CUMAGAS-PAD Database
Zintzaras and Zdoukopoulos
Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:1-11.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Medication Underuse During Long-Term Follow-Up in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Hoeks et al.
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:338-343.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Automated Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index Measurement by Clinical Staff for Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosis in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Patients
Clairotte et al.
Diabetes Care 2009;32:1231-1236.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Review: Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes: A Clinical Update
Dinh et al.
INT J LOW EXTREM WOUNDS 2009;8:75-81.
ABSTRACT  

Intermittent Claudication Caused by Frequent Premature Ventricular Complexes: Resolution After Radiofrequency Ablation
Stec et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:378-381.
ABSTRACT  

Ankle-Brachial Index and Extent of Atherosclerosis in Patients From the Middle East (the AGATHA-ME Study): A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
El-Menyar et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:329-334.
ABSTRACT  

Aspirin and Secondary Prevention in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Perspective for the Early 21st Century
McDermott and Criqui
JAMA 2009;301:1927-1928.
FULL TEXT  

Prior polyvascular disease: risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute coronary syndromes
Bhatt et al.
Eur Heart J 2009;30:1195-1202.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in an Asian population with diabetes mellitus
Tavintharan et al.
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 2009;6:80-86.
ABSTRACT  

Associations of Borderline and Low Normal Ankle-Brachial Index Values With Functional Decline at 5-Year Follow-Up: The WALCS (Walking and Leg Circulation Study)
McDermott et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1056-1062.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Rethinking the Morbidity of Peripheral Arterial Disease and the "Normal" Ankle-Brachial Index
Gornik
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1063-1064.
FULL TEXT  

Estradiol-induced, endothelial progenitor cell-mediated neovascularization in male mice with hind-limb ischemia
Ruifrok et al.
Vasc Med 2009;14:29-36.
ABSTRACT  

Face-to-Face Interaction Compared With Video Watching on Use of Physical Activity in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Pilot Trial
Collins et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2009;60:21-30.
ABSTRACT  

Intermittent Claudication: Clinical Effectiveness of Endovascular Revascularization versus Supervised Hospital-based Exercise Training--Randomized Controlled Trial
Spronk et al.
Radiology 2009;250:586-595.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Can we measure the ankle-brachial index using only a stethoscope? A pilot study
Carmo et al.
Fam Pract 2009;26:22-26.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS et al.
Circulation 2009;119:e21-e181.
FULL TEXT  

Anti-Chlamydial Antibiotic Therapy for Symptom Improvement in Peripheral Artery Disease: Prospective Evaluation of Rifalazil Effect on Vascular Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication and Other Endpoints in Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositive Patients (PROVIDENCE-1)
Jaff et al.
Circulation 2009;119:452-458.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Treadmill Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease With and Without Intermittent Claudication: A Randomized Controlled Trial
McDermott et al.
JAMA 2009;301:165-174.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Routine stent implantation vs. percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in femoropopliteal artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Kasapis et al.
Eur Heart J 2009;30:44-55.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease
Bennett et al.
QJM 2009;102:3-16.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: Screening for Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases:: Should Nationwide Programs Be Instituted?
Criqui et al.
Circulation 2008;118:2830-2836.
FULL TEXT  

Can Measuring the Ankle-Brachial Index Improve Public Health?
Hiatt
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1743-1744.
FULL TEXT  

Passive Smoking and Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Women Who Never Smoked
He et al.
Circulation 2008;118:1535-1540.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Functional Results After Through-Knee and Above-Knee Amputations: Does More Length Mean Better Outcome?
Met et al.
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG 2008;42:456-461.
ABSTRACT  

A biomarker panel for peripheral arterial disease
Fung et al.
Vasc Med 2008;13:217-224.
ABSTRACT  

The prevalence of occult peripheral arterial disease among patients referred for orthopedic evaluation of leg pain
Bernstein et al.
Vasc Med 2008;13:235-238.
ABSTRACT  

Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Management
Arain and Cooper
Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:944-950.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Plasma Levels of Soluble Tie2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Distinguish Critical Limb Ischemia From Intermittent Claudication in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Findley et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:387-393.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Critical Determinants of Limb Ischemia
Cooke
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:394-396.
FULL TEXT  

Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Steffen et al.
Diabetes Spectr. 2008;21:171-177.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Policosanol (10 mg/d) Versus Aspirin (100 mg/d) in Patients With Intermittent Claudication: A 10-Week, Randomized, Comparative Study
Illnait et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2008;59:269-277.
ABSTRACT  

Combined Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peripheral Arterial Disease on All-Cause Mortality in a High-Risk Population
Liew et al.
CJASN 2008;3:1084-1089.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Ankle-to-Arm Blood Pressure Index Predicts Risk of Cardiac Complications After Noncardiac Surgery
Fisher et al.
Anesth. Analg. 2008;107:149-154.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antithrombotic Therapy for Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)
Sobel and Verhaeghe
Chest 2008;133:815S-843S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease Is Associated With More Adverse Lower Extremity Characteristics Than Intermittent Claudication
McDermott et al.
Circulation 2008;117:2484-2491.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Limb stress-rest perfusion imaging with contrast ultrasound for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease severity.
Lindner et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2008;1:343-350.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease: a comparison in patients with coronary artery disease.
Welten et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1588-1596.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A High Ankle-Brachial Index Is Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Lower Quality of Life
Allison et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1292-1298.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Limb Ischemia: Medical Therapy Trial Update
Wittgen
PERSPECT VASC SURG ENDOVASC THER 2008;20:38-42.
ABSTRACT  

Commentary on "Limb Ischemia: Medical Therapy Trial Update"
Henke
PERSPECT VASC SURG ENDOVASC THER 2008;20:43-44.
 

Relationship of Ankle Blood Pressures to Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults
Sutton-Tyrrell et al.
Stroke 2008;39:863-869.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Buflomedil in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Trials and Tribulations
Conte
Circulation 2008;117:717-719.
FULL TEXT  

The impact of peripheral arterial disease on health-related quality of life in the Peripheral Arterial Disease Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) Program
Regensteiner et al.
Vasc Med 2008;13:15-24.
ABSTRACT  

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
Writing Group Members et al.
Circulation 2008;117:e25-e146.
FULL TEXT  

Assessment of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease Using a Novel Automated Optical Device
Alnaeb et al.
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG 2008;41:522-527.
ABSTRACT  

A Prognostic Risk Index for Long-term Mortality in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Feringa et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2482-2489.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Ankle-to-Brachial Index and Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Laurin et al.
Circulation 2007;116:2269-2274.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

An overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis and implications for peripheral arterial disease
Girn et al.
Vasc Med 2007;12:299-309.
ABSTRACT  

Risk assessment in the patient with established peripheral arterial disease
Haugen et al.
Vasc Med 2007;12:343-350.
ABSTRACT  

The role of exercise training in peripheral arterial disease
Milani and Lavie
Vasc Med 2007;12:351-358.
ABSTRACT  

Gaps in Public Knowledge of Peripheral Arterial Disease: The First National PAD Public Awareness Survey
Hirsch et al.
Circulation 2007;116:2086-2094.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genetic Susceptibility to Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Dark Corner in Vascular Biology
Knowles et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2007;27:2068-2078.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is a Simple Biomarker for Peripheral Arterial Disease on the Horizon?
Annex
Circulation 2007;116:1346-1348.
FULL TEXT  

{beta}2-Microglobulin as a Biomarker in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Proteomic Profiling and Clinical Studies
Wilson et al.
Circulation 2007;116:1396-1403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Baseline Functional Performance Predicts the Rate of Mobility Loss in Persons With Peripheral Arterial Disease
McDermott et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:974-982.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The effect of current cigarette smoking on calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation in patients with intermittent claudication
Afaq et al.
Vasc Med 2007;12:167-173.
ABSTRACT  

Atherothrombosis -- Wave Goodbye to Combined Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy?
Mohler
NEJM 2007;357:293-296.
FULL TEXT  

The Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in High Risk Subjects and Coronary or Cerebrovascular Patients
Poredos and Jug
ANGIOLOGY 2007;58:309-315.
ABSTRACT  

Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Guide for Nephrologists
DeLoach and Mohler
CJASN 2007;2:839-846.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lower Progression Rate of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease Using Statins or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Feringa et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007;18:1872-1879.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Atherosclerosis imaging in statin intervention trials
Yanai et al.
QJM 2007;100:253-262.
FULL TEXT  

Coronary Revascularization Before Noncardiac Vascular Surgery: One More Step Forward in Understanding Its Role
Moscucci and Jones
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1770-1771.
FULL TEXT  

Antiplatelet Therapy for Atherothrombotic Disease: An Update for the Primary Care Physician
Kikano and Brown
Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:583-593.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

One-Year Cardiovascular Event Rates in Outpatients With Atherothrombosis
Steg et al.
JAMA 2007;297:1197-1206.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The International Pandemic of Chronic Cardiovascular Disease
McDermott
JAMA 2007;297:1253-1255.
FULL TEXT  

Advanced Glycation End Products and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease
Lapolla et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:670-676.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antithrombotic treatment for peripheral arterial disease
Hackam and Eikelboom
Heart 2007;93:303-308.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
Rosamond et al.
Circulation 2007;115:e69-e171.
FULL TEXT  

The Influence of Peripheral Arterial Disease on Outcomes: A Pooled Analysis of Mortality in Eight Large Randomized Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Trials
Saw et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1567-1572.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: More Harm Than Benefit?
Beckman et al.
Circulation 2006;114:861-866.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Peripheral Arterial Disease: Morbidity and Mortality Implications
Golomb et al.
Circulation 2006;114:688-699.
FULL TEXT  

Optimal Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Rice and Lumsden
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG 2006;40:312-327.
ABSTRACT  

SVMB Presidential address: The time has come for vascular medicine
Cooke
Vasc Med 2006;11:177-180.
 

Impaired Exercise-Induced Blood Volume in Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Peripheral Arterial Disease Measured by Continuous-Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Mohler et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:1856-1859.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Ankle-brachial index and extent of atherothrombosis in 8891 patients with or at risk of vascular disease: results of the international AGATHA study
Fowkes et al.
Eur Heart J 2006;27:1861-1867.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical Activity During Daily Life and Mortality in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Garg et al.
Circulation 2006;114:242-248.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary care
Diehm et al.
Eur Heart J 2006;27:1743-1749.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Incidental Renal Artery Stenosis Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease
Mui et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;17:2069-2074.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT