You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT JAMA
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 287 No. 18, May 8, 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  JAMA
  •  Online Features
  Special Communication
 This Article
 •Full text
 •PDF
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Citing articles on Web of Science (297)
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Related letter
 •Related article
 •Similar articles in JAMA
 Topic Collections
 •Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders
 •Metabolism
 •Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, Other
 •Obesity
 •Endocrine Diseases
 •Diabetes Mellitus
 •Alert me on articles by topic
 Social Bookmarking
  Add to CiteULike Add to Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Add to Digg Add to Reddit Add to Technorati Add to Twitter What's this?

CLINICIAN'S CORNER
The Glycemic Index

Physiological Mechanisms Relating to Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

David S. Ludwig, MD,PhD

JAMA. 2002;287:2414-2423.

The glycemic index was proposed in 1981 as an alternative system for classifying carbohydrate-containing food. Since then, several hundred scientific articles and numerous popular diet books have been published on the topic. However, the clinical significance of the glycemic index remains the subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological effects of the glycemic index and the relevance of these effects in preventing and treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.


Author Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.



Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter     What's this?

RELATED LETTER

Effects of Counterregulatory Hormones in a High–Glycemic Index Diet
Daniel J. Brotman and David S. Ludwig
JAMA. 2002;288(6):695.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

RELATED ARTICLE

May 8, 2002
JAMA. 2002;287(18):2437-2438.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Inverse relation between dietary fiber intake and visceral adiposity in overweight Latino youth
Davis et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;90:1160-1166.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Brownell et al.
NEJM 2009;361:1599-1605.
FULL TEXT  

Do Dietary Modifications Made Prior to Pubertal Maturation Have the Potential to Decrease Obesity Later in Life? A Developmental Perspective
Casazza and Thomas
ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 2009;1:271-281.
ABSTRACT  

Fructose Consumption: Considerations for Future Research on Its Effects on Adipose Distribution, Lipid Metabolism, and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Stanhope and Havel
J. Nutr. 2009;139:1236S-1241S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diabetes in Asia: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology
Chan et al.
JAMA 2009;301:2129-2140.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies
Jakobsen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89:1425-1432.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Whole Grain and Legume Acceptability Among Youths With Type 1 Diabetes
Gellar et al.
The Diabetes Educator 2009;35:422-427.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women
Cornelis et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89:1256-1262.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of a high-fat, low- versus high-glycemic index diet: retardation of insulin resistance involves adipose tissue modulation
van Schothorst et al.
FASEB J. 2009;23:1092-1101.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relation of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber and Whole-Grain Intakes During Puberty to the Concurrent Development of Percent Body Fat and Body Mass Index
Cheng et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:667-677.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study
George et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:462-472.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Maternal Overweight and Obesity and the Risk of Congenital Anomalies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Stothard et al.
JAMA 2009;301:636-650.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Influence of Sourdough Prefermentation, of Steam Cooking Suppression and of Decreased Sucrose Content during Wheat Flakes Processing on the Plasma Glucose and Insulin Responses and Satiety of Healthy Subjects
Lioger et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2009;28:30-36.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic load, glycemic index, and body mass index in Spanish adults
Mendez et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89:316-322.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk in Chinese women
Wen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;89:283-289.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term effects of dietary glycemic index on adiposity, energy metabolism, and physical activity in mice
Scribner et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;295:E1126-E1131.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lifestyle and Pharmacological Approaches to Weight Loss: Efficacy and Safety
Bray
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:s81-s88.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Bean Consumption Is Associated with Greater Nutrient Intake, Reduced Systolic Blood Pressure, Lower Body Weight, and a Smaller Waist Circumference in Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002
Papanikolaou and Fulgoni
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2008;27:569-576.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Glycemic Index, Development of Islet Autoimmunity, and Subsequent Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children
Lamb et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:3936-3942.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Changes in Risk Variables of Metabolic Syndrome Since Childhood in Pre-Diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Nguyen et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:2044-2049.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of replacing the habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with milk in Chilean children
Albala et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:605-611.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reply to HG Mulholland et al
Barclay et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:476-477.
FULL TEXT  

Reply to T-P Tuomainen et al
Barclay and Brand-Miller
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:478-479.
FULL TEXT  

The Effect of a Low Glycaemic Index Breakfast on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Lipid Profiles, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Body Composition and Satiety in Obese and Overweight Individuals: A Pilot Study
Pal et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2008;27:387-393.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Perfect Storm: Obesity, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Metabolic Consequences
de Ferranti and Mozaffarian
Clin. Chem. 2008;54:945-955.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Inflammation markers are modulated by responses to diets differing in postprandial insulin responses in individuals with the metabolic syndrome
Kallio et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1497-1503.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease
Marsh and Brand-Miller
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:142-150.
ABSTRACT  

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies
Barclay et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:627-637.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Adolescent Obesity: A Review of the Literature
Harrington
The Journal of School Nursing 2008;24:3-12.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A novel interaction between dietary composition and insulin secretion: effects on weight gain in the Quebec Family Study
Chaput et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:303-309.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Effects of 6-Week Low Glycemic Load Diet Based on Low Glycemic Index Foods in Overweight/Obese Children - Pilot Study
Fajcsak et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2008;27:12-21.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A low-glycemic-index diet reduces plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, but not tissue inhibitor of proteinases-1 or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein, in overweight women
Jensen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:97-105.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Recommendations for Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity
Spear et al.
Pediatrics 2007;120:S254-S288.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic Index, Dietary Fiber, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Cohort of Older Australians
Barclay et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:2811-2813.
FULL TEXT  

Dietary Carbohydrates, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Endometrial Cancer Risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort
Cust et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:912-923.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children
Buyken et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:980-987.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study
Mosdol et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:988-994.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: The Need for a Paradigm Shift
Hu
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:22-24.
FULL TEXT  

High Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic Index Increase Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Middle-Aged Women: A Population-Based Follow-Up Study
Beulens et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:14-21.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between dietary glycemic index and age-related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study
Chiu et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:180-188.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic Index-Based Nutritional Education Improves Blood Glucose Control in Japanese Adults: A randomized controlled trial
Amano et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1874-1876.
FULL TEXT  

The Real Contribution of Added Sugars and Fats to Obesity
Drewnowski
Epidemiol Rev 2007;0:mxm011v1.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Swedish men
Levitan et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1521-1526.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Interindividual Variability and Intra-Individual Reproducibility of Glycemic Index Values for Commercial White Bread
Vega-Lopez et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1412-1417.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of a Low-Glycemic Load vs Low-Fat Diet in Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Trial
Ebbeling et al.
JAMA 2007;297:2092-2102.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Putting your genes on a diet: the molecular effects of carbohydrate
Salsberg and Ludwig
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1169-1170.
FULL TEXT  

Dietary carbohydrate modification induces alterations in gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in persons with the metabolic syndrome: the FUNGENUT Study
Kallio et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1417-1427.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

High-Viscosity Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Blunts Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses
Maki et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1039-1043.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Vartanian et al.
AJPH 2007;97:667-675.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults
Maki et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:724-734.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Potential impact of carbohydrate and fat intake on pathological left ventricular hypertrophy
Sharma et al.
Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:257-268.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Conceptualization and Development of a Theory-Based Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Intervention for Postpartum Women Who Are Low Income
Ebbeling et al.
Health Promot Pract 2007;8:50-59.
ABSTRACT  

Glycemic and insulinemic responses as determinants of appetite in humans
Flint et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:1365-1373.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Profiles for Metabolic Syndrome in a Nonclinical Sample of Adolescent Girls
Ventura et al.
Pediatrics 2006;118:2434-2442.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Halton et al.
NEJM 2006;355:1991-2002.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Consumption of sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a prospective study.
Larsson et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:1171-1176.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Weighing in on glycemic index and body weight.
Pereira
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:677-679.
FULL TEXT  

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes.
Hare-Bruun et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:871-879.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index and liver steatosis
Valtuena et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:136-142.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiologic Studies
Neuhouser et al.
J. Nutr. 2006;136:1604-1609.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to metabolic risk factors in Japanese female farmers with traditional dietary habits
Murakami et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:1161-1169.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with protein intake from lean red meat lowers blood pressure in hypertensive persons.
Hodgson et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:780-787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between Carbohydrate Intake and Serum Lipids.
Ma et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006;25:155-163.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States
Popkin et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:529-542.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Halton et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:284-290.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gamma-Cyclodextrin Lowers Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia without Carbohydrate Malabsorption in Healthy Adults.
Asp et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006;25:49-55.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diet in the management of weight loss
Strychar
CMAJ 2006;174:56-63.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Low-Glycemic Load Diet Facilitates Greater Weight Loss in Overweight Adults With High Insulin Secretion but Not in Overweight Adults With Low Insulin Secretion in the CALERIE Trial
Pittas et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:2939-2941.
FULL TEXT  

Twelve-Hour Glycemic Profiles With Meals of High, Medium, or Low Glycemic Load
Hui et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:2981-2983.
FULL TEXT  

Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity
Isganaitis and Lustig
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2005;25:2451-2462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Protein, Monounsaturated Fat, and Carbohydrate Intake on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids: Results of the OmniHeart Randomized Trial
Appel et al.
JAMA 2005;294:2455-2464.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduced Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Diets Do Not Increase the Effects of Energy Restriction on Weight Loss and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women
Raatz et al.
J. Nutr. 2005;135:2387-2391.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Overweight Children and Adolescents
Ludwig et al.
NEJM 2005;353:1070-1071.
FULL TEXT  

Influence of Glycemic Index/Load on Glycemic Response, Appetite, and Food Intake in Healthy Humans
Alfenas and Mattes
Diabetes Care 2005;28:2123-2129.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Integrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (Writing Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Complementary and Integrative Medicine)
Vogel et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:184-221.
FULL TEXT  

No Association Between Dietary Glycemic Index or Load and Pancreatic Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women
Johnson et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1574-1575.
FULL TEXT  

Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Fiber, Simple Sugars, and Insulin Resistance: The Inter99 study
Lau et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:1397-1403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Children's Adaptations to a Fat-Reduced Diet: The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)
Van Horn et al.
Pediatrics 2005;115:1723-1733.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults
Ebbeling et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:976-982.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight
Ma et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:359-367.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
Cordain et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:341-354.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Con: The Mythical Phoenix or Credible Science?
Kushner
Nutr Clin Pract 2005;20:13-16.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiovascular Fitness and Exercise as Determinants of Insulin Resistance in Postpubertal Adolescent Females
Kasa-Vubu et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:849-854.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Carbohydrate Intake, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Dietary Fiber in Relation to Risk of Stroke in Women
Oh et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:161-169.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet on Resting Energy Expenditure and Heart Disease Risk Factors During Weight Loss
Pereira et al.
JAMA 2004;292:2482-2490.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Carbohydrates and the postprandial state: have our cake and eat it too?
Ludwig and Jenkins
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;80:797-798.
FULL TEXT  

Associations between Food Variety and Body Fatness in Hong Kong Chinese Adults
Sea et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2004;23:404-413.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Replacing Fats and Sweets With Vegetables and Fruits--A Question of Cost
Drewnowski et al.
AJPH 2004;94:1555-1559.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Carbohydrate (Amount and Type) in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes: A statement by the American Diabetes Association
Sheard et al.
Diabetes Care 2004;27:2266-2271.
FULL TEXT  

No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet
Sloth et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;80:337-347.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Schulze et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;80:348-356.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 2002 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.