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Relationship of Changes in Physical Activity and Mortality Among Older Women
Edward W. Gregg, PhD;
Jane A. Cauley, DrPH;
Katie Stone, PhD;
Theodore J. Thompson, MS;
Douglas C. Bauer, MD;
Steven R. Cummings, MD;
Kristine E. Ensrud, MD; for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group
JAMA. 2003;289:2379-2386.
Context Physical activity has been related to reduced mortality, but it is not clear whether changes in physical activity affect mortality among older women.
Objective To examine the relationship of changes in physical activity and mortality among older women.
Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study conducted at 4 US research centers (Baltimore, Md; Portland, Ore; Minneapolis, Minn; and Monongahela Valley, Pa) among 9518 community-dwelling white women aged 65 years or older who were assessed at baseline (1986-1988), 7553 of whom were reassessed at a follow-up visit (1992-1994; median, 5.7 years later).
Main Outcome Measures Walking and other physical activities at baseline and follow-up; vital status, with cause of death confirmed by death certificates/discharge summaries, tracked for up to 12.5 years after baseline (up to 6.7 years after the follow-up visit).
Results Compared with continually sedentary women, those who increased physical activity levels between baseline and follow-up had lower mortality from all causes (hazard rate ratio [HRR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.69), cardiovascular disease (HRR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97), and cancer (HRR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.84), independent of age, smoking, body mass index, comorbid conditions, and baseline physical activity level. Associations between changes in physical activity and reduced mortality were similar in women with and without chronic diseases but tended to be weaker among women aged at least 75 years and among those with poor health status. Women who were physically active at both visits also had lower all-cause mortality (HRR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.82) and cardiovascular mortality (HRR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44-0.88) than sedentary women.
Conclusion Increasing and maintaining physical activity levels could lengthen life for older women but appears to provide less benefit for women aged at least 75 years and those with poor health status.
Author Affiliations: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga (Dr Gregg and Mr Thompson); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa (Dr Cauley); Prevention Sciences Group, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (Drs Stone, Bauer, and Cummings); and University of Minnesota and Section of General Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Ensrud).
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