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Risk Factors for Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Malignancy
Brad H. Pollock, MPH, PhD;
Hal B. Jenson, MD;
Charles T. Leach, MD;
Kenneth L. McClain, MD, PhD;
Robert E. Hutchison, MD;
Linda Garzarella, MS;
Vijay V. Joshi, MD;
Richard T. Parmley, MD;
Sharon B. Murphy, MD
JAMA. 2003;289:2393-2399.
Context Although cancers occur with increased frequency in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the specific clinical, immunological, and viral risk factors for malignancy have not been identified.
Objective To identify risk factors for malignancy among HIV-infected children.
Design, Setting, and Patients A multicenter case-control study of children with HIV at 26 institutions participating in the Pediatric Oncology Group. Forty-three case patients with a new malignancy and 74 control patients without a malignancy were matched based on the duration of their infection. Patients were enrolled between January 1992 and July 1998.
Main Outcome Measures Clinical and laboratory factors assessed as putative risk factors included demographic characteristics, HIV characteristics, prior antiretroviral treatment, and CD4 cell count. Coviral infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 6 were assessed by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and serological testing.
Results Case malignancy diagnoses included 28 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 4 B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 1 Hodgkin disease, 8 leiomyosarcoma, 1 hepatoblastoma, and 1 schwannoma. Epstein-Barr virus viral load of more than 50 viral genome copies per 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells was strongly associated with cancer risk but only for children with CD4 cell counts of at least 200/µL (odds ratio [OR], 11.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09-65.66, P<.001). High EBV viral load was not associated with cancer for children with CD4 cell counts of less than 200/µL (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.13-9.62; P = .99). Zidovudine antiretroviral therapy did not confer a significant protective effect for either the high (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.22-3.09; P = .77) or the low CD4 cell count groups (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.04-1.46; P = .16). The route of HIV infection was not associated with increased cancer risk.
Conclusions Route of infection, demographic characteristics, and zidovudine use were not associated with the development of malignancy in HIV-infected children. High viral burden with EBV was associated with the development of malignancy in HIV-infected children although the effect was modified by CD4 cell count. The pathogenesis of HIV-related pediatric malignancies remains unclear and other contributing risk factors can be elucidated only through further study.
Author Affiliations: Children's Cancer Research Institute (Drs Pollock and Murphy) and Department of Pediatrics (Drs Pollock, Leach, and Murphy), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Eastern Virginia Medical School and Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Va (Dr Jenson); Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston (Dr McClain); State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (Dr Hutchison); Department of Health Policy and Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (Ms Garzarella); Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Conn (Dr Joshi); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the Greenville Hospital System, Greenville, SC (Dr Parmley).
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