This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on ISI (606)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Related letters  • Related articles  • Similar articles in JAMA  Topic Collections  • Neurology  • Cognitive Disorders  • Menopause  • Dementias  • Alert me on articles by topic

The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sally A. Shumaker, PhD; Claudine Legault, PhD; Stephen R. Rapp, PhD; Leon Thal, MD; Robert B. Wallace, MD; Judith K. Ockene, PhD, MEd; Susan L. Hendrix, DO; Beverly N. Jones III, MD; Annlouise R. Assaf, PhD; Rebecca D. Jackson, MD; Jane Morley Kotchen, MD, MPH; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, PhD; Jean Wactawski-Wende, PhD; for the WHIMS Investigators

JAMA. 2003;289:2651-2662.

Context  Postmenopausal women have a greater risk than men of developing Alzheimer disease, but studies of the effects of estrogen therapy on Alzheimer disease have been inconsistent. On July 8, 2002, the study drugs, estrogen plus progestin, in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial were discontinued because of certain increased health risks in women receiving combined hormone therapy.

Objective  To evaluate the effect of estrogen plus progestin on the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment compared with placebo.

Design, Setting, and Participants  The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, began enrolling participants from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin trial in May 1996. Of the 4894 eligible participants of the WHI study, 4532 (92.6%) postmenopausal women free of probable dementia, aged 65 years or older, and recruited from 39 of 40 WHI clinical centers were enrolled in the WHIMS.

Intervention  Participants received either 1 daily tablet of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 2229), or a matching placebo (n = 2303).

Main Outcome Measures  Incidence of probable dementia (primary outcome) and mild cognitive impairment (secondary outcome) were identified through a structured clinical assessment.

Results  The mean (SD) time between the date of randomization into WHI and the last Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) for all WHIMS participants was 4.05 (1.19) years. Overall, 61 women were diagnosed with probable dementia, 40 (66%) in the estrogen plus progestin group compared with 21 (34%) in the placebo group. The hazard ratio (HR) for probable dementia was 2.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-3.48; 45 vs 22 per 10 000 person-years; P = .01). This increased risk would result in an additional 23 cases of dementia per 10 000 women per year. Alzheimer disease was the most common classification of dementia in both study groups. Treatment effects on mild cognitive impairment did not differ between groups (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.74-1.55; 63 vs 59 cases per 10 000 person-years; P = .72).

Conclusions  Estrogen plus progestin therapy increased the risk for probable dementia in postmenopausal women aged 65 years or older. In addition, estrogen plus progestin therapy did not prevent mild cognitive impairment in these women. These findings, coupled with previously reported WHI data, support the conclusion that the risks of estrogen plus progestin outweigh the benefits.

Author Affiliations: Department of Public Health Sciences (Drs Shumaker and Legault) and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine (Drs Rapp and Jones), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego (Dr Thal); Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City/Davenport (Dr Wallace); Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester (Dr Ockene); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine/Hutzel Hospital, Detroit, Mich (Dr Hendrix); Center for Primary Care and Division, Brown University, Providence, RI (Dr Assaf); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus (Dr Jackson); Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Dr Kotchen); Department of Epidemioliogy and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Dr Wassertheil-Smoller); and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo (Dr Wactawski-Wende).

RELATED LETTERS

Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Risk of Dementia
Roberta Diaz Brinton and Jon Nilsen
JAMA. 2003;290(13):1706.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Risk of Dementia
John C. S. Breitner and Peter P. Zandi
JAMA. 2003;290(13):1706-1707.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Risk of Dementia
Istvan Nyirjesy and Frank S. Billingsley
JAMA. 2003;290(13):1707.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

RELATED ARTICLES

Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Risk of Dementia
Byung-Koo Yoon
JAMA. 2003;290(13):1707.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Global Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Stephen R. Rapp, Mark A. Espeland, Sally A. Shumaker, Victor W. Henderson, Robert L. Brunner, JoAnn E. Manson, Margery L. S. Gass, Marcia L. Stefanick, Dorothy S. Lane, Jennifer Hays, Karen C. Johnson, Laura H. Coker, Maggie Dailey, and Deborah Bowen
JAMA. 2003;289(20):2663-2672.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Stroke in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative: A Randomized Trial
Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Susan Hendrix, Marian Limacher, Gerardo Heiss, Charles Kooperberg, Alison Baird, Theodore Kotchen, J. David Curb, Henry Black, Jacques E. Rossouw, Aaron Aragaki, Monika Safford, Evan Stein, Somchai Laowattana, and W. Jerry Mysiw
JAMA. 2003;289(20):2673-2684.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone Therapy and the Brain: Déjà Vu All Over Again?
Kristine Yaffe
JAMA. 2003;289(20):2717-2719.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Women with and without intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders: An examination of the literature
Taggart et al.
J Intellect Disabil 2008;12:191-211.
ABSTRACT  

Seladin-1 Is a Fundamental Mediator of the Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen in Human Neuroblast Long-Term Cell Cultures
Luciani et al.
Endocrinology 2008;149:4256-4266.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thyroid Function and the Risk of Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Study
Tan et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1514-1520.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

STATIN THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED NEUROPATHOLOGIC CHANGES OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Golomb et al.
Neurology 2008;70:2349-2330.
FULL TEXT  

Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 3. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment without dementia
Chertkow et al.
CMAJ 2008;178:1273-1285.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone Therapy, Dilemmas, Medical Decisions.
Schulkin
J Law Med Ethics 2008;36:73-88.
 

Estrogen Receptor-Independent Neuroprotection via Protein Phosphatase Preservation and Attenuation of Persistent Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activation
Yi et al.
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008;324:1188-1195.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Medical Management of Frontotemporal Dementia
Caselli and Yaari
AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS OTHER DEMEN 2008;22:489-498.
ABSTRACT  

Differential Dietary Nutrient Intake according to Hormone Replacement Therapy Use: An Underestimated Confounding Factor in Epidemiologic Studies?
Vercambre et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:1451-1460.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Some Docs in Denial About Statin Side Effects
Holman
DOC News 2007;4:1-12.
FULL TEXT  

Progesterone and Estrogen Regulate Alzheimer-Like Neuropathology in Female 3xTg-AD Mice
Carroll et al.
J. Neurosci. 2007;27:13357-13365.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exogenous Testosterone Alone or With Finasteride Does Not Improve Measurements of Cognition in Healthy Older Men With Low Serum Testosterone
Vaughan et al.
J Androl 2007;28:875-882.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Contribution of Luteinizing Hormone to Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis
Webber et al.
Clin Med Res 2007;5:177-183.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone therapy in menopausal women with cognitive complaints: A randomized, double-blind trial
Maki et al.
Neurology 2007;69:1322-1330.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause
Rocca et al.
Neurology 2007;69:1074-1083.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Endogenous Sex Hormones as Risk Factors for Dementia in Elderly Men and Women
Ravaglia et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2007;62:1035-1041.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Novel Perspectives for Progesterone in Hormone Replacement Therapy, with Special Reference to the Nervous System
Schumacher et al.
Endocr. Rev. 2007;28:387-439.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Activation of a Membrane-Associated Androgen Receptor Promotes Cell Death in Primary Cortical Astrocytes
Gatson and Singh
Endocrinology 2007;148:2458-2464.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive function and menopausal hormone therapy
Doren
Hum Reprod Update 2007;13:329-329.
FULL TEXT  

Postmenopausal hormone therapy
Grady and Barrett-Connor
BMJ 2007;334:860-861.
FULL TEXT  

Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase/beta-trace is a major amyloid beta-chaperone in human cerebrospinal fluid
Kanekiyo et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007;104:6412-6417.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Managing the menopause
Roberts
BMJ 2007;334:736-741.
FULL TEXT  

Low Dose of Transdermal Estradiol Gel for Treatment of Symptomatic Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Simon et al.
Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:588-596.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Selective Activation of Estrogen Receptor-{beta} Transcriptional Pathways by an Herbal Extract
Cvoro et al.
Endocrinology 2007;148:538-547.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relation of Higher Folate Intake to Lower Risk of Alzheimer Disease in the Elderly
Luchsinger et al.
Arch Neurol 2007;64:86-92.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Brain Infusion of Lipopolysaccharide Increases Uterine Growth as a Function of Estrogen Replacement Regimen: Suppression of Uterine Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} by Constant, But Not Pulsed, Estrogen Replacement
Marriott et al.
Endocrinology 2007;148:232-240.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Behavior-Based Interventions to Enhance Cognitive Functioning and Independence in Older Adults
Shumaker et al.
JAMA 2006;296:2852-2854.
FULL TEXT  

Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms of Menopause with Black Cohosh, Multibotanicals, Soy, Hormone Therapy, or Placebo: A Randomized Trial
Newton et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2006;145:869-879.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone effects on fMRI and cognitive measures of encoding: Importance of hormone preparation
Gleason et al.
Neurology 2006;67:2039-2041.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Management of Menopausal Symptoms
Grady
NEJM 2006;355:2338-2347.
FULL TEXT  

Primary prevention trials in Alzheimer disease.
Green and DeKosky
Neurology 2006;67:S2-S5.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impact of Combined Estradiol and Norethindrone Therapy on Visuospatial Working Memory Assessed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Smith et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;91:4476-4481.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dose and Temporal Pattern of Estrogen Exposure Determines Neuroprotective Outcome in Hippocampal Neurons: Therapeutic Implications
Chen et al.
Endocrinology 2006;147:5303-5313.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen, Menopause, and the Aging Brain: How Basic Neuroscience Can Inform Hormone Therapy in Women
Morrison et al.
J. Neurosci. 2006;26:10332-10348.
FULL TEXT  

Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies
Turgeon et al.
Endocr. Rev. 2006;27:575-605.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progestin negatively affects hearing in aged women
Guimaraes et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103:14246-14249.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Moderators of treatment outcomes: clinical, research, and policy importance.
Kraemer et al.
JAMA 2006;296:1286-1289.
FULL TEXT  

Duration not severity of the climacteric syndrome predicts resumption of hormone therapy after discontinuation: a prospective cohort study
Haimov-Kochman et al.
Hum Reprod 2006;21:2450-2454.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN HEPATIC CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF 8-PRENYLNARINGENIN AND ISOXANTHOHUMOL FROM HOPS (HUMULUS LUPULUS L.)
Guo et al.
Drug Metab. Dispos. 2006;34:1152-1159.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on cognition and health-related quality of life.
Yaffe et al.
Arch Neurol 2006;63:945-950.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Novel Mechanisms for Estrogen-Induced Neuroprotection.
Singh et al.
Exp. Biol. Med. 2006;231:514-521.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Combination Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormone Treatment on Cognition and Affect
Resnick et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;91:1802-1810.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Natural Health Products in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Whelan et al.
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2006;40:836-849.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Benchmarks for designing two-stage studies using modified mini-mental state examinations: experience from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Espeland et al.
Clin Trials 2006;3:99-106.
ABSTRACT  

Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles.
Cohen et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:385-390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dismembering the ethical physician.
Genuis
Postgrad. Med. J. 2006;82:233-238.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Alters Spine Number and Morphology in Prefrontal Cortex of Aged Female Rhesus Monkeys
Hao et al.
J. Neurosci. 2006;26:2571-2578.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Testosterone on Cognition and Mood in Male Patients With Mild Alzheimer Disease and Healthy Elderly Men
Lu et al.
Arch Neurol 2006;63:177-185.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Treating vascular risk factors and maintaining vascular health: Is this the way towards successful cognitive ageing and preventing cognitive decline?
Alagiakrishnan et al.
Postgrad. Med. J. 2006;82:101-105.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Familial Alzheimer disease in Latinos: Interaction between APOE, stroke, and estrogen replacement
Rippon et al.
Neurology 2006;66:35-40.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone replacement therapy and mortality in 52- to 70-year-old women: the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study
Pentti et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:101-107.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estradiol Replacement Enhances Working Memory in Middle-Aged Rats When Initiated Immediately after Ovariectomy But Not after a Long-Term Period of Ovarian Hormone Deprivation
Daniel et al.
Endocrinology 2006;147:607-614.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates A{beta} plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model
Yue et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005;102:19198-19203.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Update in Women's Health
Crandall and Pregler
ANN INTERN MED 2005;143:823-829.
FULL TEXT  

Predicting Alzheimer's Disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Zonderman
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005;18:192-195.
ABSTRACT  

Association of sex steroid hormones with brain morphology and cognition in healthy elderly men
Lessov-Schlaggar et al.
Neurology 2005;65:1591-1596.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Translational Research on the Way to Effective Therapy for Alzheimer Disease
Rosenberg
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1186-1192.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Changes in Women's Use of Hormones After the Women's Health Initiative Estrogen and Progestin Trial by Race, Education, and Income
Wei et al.
J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;2005:106-112.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

HIV/AIDS prevention in Uganda: why has it worked?
Genuis and Genuis
Postgrad. Med. J. 2005;81:615-617.
FULL TEXT  

Improved Perioperative Outcomes From Carotid Endarterectomy: Yet Another Statin Side Effect?
Kent
Stroke 2005;36:2058-2059.
FULL TEXT  

The Proliferation of Clinical Practice Guidelines: Professional Development or Medicine-by-Numbers?
Genuis
J Am Board Fam Med 2005;18:419-425.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Invited Commentary: How Far Can Epidemiologists Get with Statistical Adjustment?
Petitti and Freedman
Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:415-418.
FULL TEXT  

Role of Protein Phosphatases in Estrogen-Mediated Neuroprotection
Yi et al.
J. Neurosci. 2005;25:7191-7198.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Mild Cognitive Impairment
Feldman and Jacova
AJGP 2005;13:645-655.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone replacement therapy: pathobiological aspects of hormone-sensitive cancers in women relevant to epidemiological studies on HRT: a mini-review
Dietel et al.
Hum Reprod 2005;20:2052-2060.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sex, Hormones, and Alzheimer's Disease
Baum
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005;60:736-743.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Therapy Fails to Alter Amyloid Deposition in the PDAPP Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Green et al.
Endocrinology 2005;146:2774-2781.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cholinesterase inhibitor use in geriatric outpatients with dementia
Linnebur and Ruscin
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005;62:923-926.
FULL TEXT  

Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches
Davis et al.
J Endocrinol 2005;185:207-222.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Menopause, micronutrients, and hormone therapy
Wylie-Rosett
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:1223S-1231S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Are Estrogens Protective or Risk Factors in Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration? Reevaluation after the Women's Health Initiative
Wise et al.
Endocr. Rev. 2005;26:308-312.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Searching for Methods to Detect, Prevent, and Treat Alzheimer's Disease
Cummings
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:645-647.
FULL TEXT  

Effect of Raloxifene on Prevention of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Older Women: The Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Randomized Trial
Yaffe et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:683-690.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Postmenopausal Women After Publication of the Women's Health Initiative Trial
Ness et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005;60:460-462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Uterine and Vaginal Effects of Unopposed Ultralow-Dose Transdermal Estradiol
Johnson et al.
Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:779-787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

William M. Feinberg Lecture: Cognitive Vitality and the Role of Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Gorelick
Stroke 2005;36:875-879.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age, Hormones, and Cognitive Functioning Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Men: Cross-Sectional Evidence From the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
Fonda et al.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005;60:385-390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Modulation of tumor formation and intestinal cell migration by estrogens in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of colorectal cancer
Javid et al.
Carcinogenesis 2005;26:587-595.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between Physiological Serum Concentration of Estrogen and the Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Postmenopausal Women Age 70 Years and Over
Almeida et al.
AJGP 2005;13:142-149.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between Reported Alcohol Intake and Cognition: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Espeland et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:228-238.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment on the Use of Aromatase Inhibitors As Adjuvant Therapy for Postmenopausal Women With Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: Status Report 2004
Winer et al.
JCO 2005;23:619-629.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease risk: interaction with age
Henderson et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2005;76:103-105.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Protection of Bone Mass by Estrogens and Raloxifene during Exercise-Induced Weight Loss
Gozansky et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:52-59.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Both estrogen and raloxifene protect against {beta}-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in estrogen receptor {alpha}-transfected PC12 cells by activation of telomerase activity via Akt cascade
Du et al.
J Endocrinol 2004;183:605-615.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone Therapy: Making Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty
Peterson et al.
Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2308-2312.
FULL TEXT  

Estradiol Effects on the Postmenopausal Brain
MOSES-KOLKO et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:2136-2136.
FULL TEXT  

Hormone Therapy Prescribing Patterns in the United States
Buist et al.
Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:1042-1050.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Gorelick
Stroke 2004;35:2620-2622.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen-Like Compounds for Ischemic Neuroprotection
Simpkins et al.
Stroke 2004;35:2648-2651.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA): a randomized clinical trial of the effects of hormone therapy on age-associated cognitive decline
Resnick et al.
Clin Trials 2004;1:440-450.
ABSTRACT  

Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss: Six-Year Results from the Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort Study
McClung et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:4879-4885.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognition and Dementia
Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:25S-40S.
FULL TEXT  

Plasma levels of amyloid {beta}-protein 42 are increased in women with mild cognitive impairment
Assini et al.
Neurology 2004;63:828-831.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hormone Replacement Therapy
Lochner and Einhorn
J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2004;12:291-294.
FULL TEXT  

Effects of Ultralow-Dose Transdermal Estradiol on Bone Mineral Density: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Ettinger et al.
Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:443-451.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Short-term Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Symptom Relief: An Updated Decision Model
Col et al.
Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1634-1640.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling aging women
Kang et al.
Neurology 2004;63:101-107.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT