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Joan M. Teno, MD, MS; Brian R. Clarridge, PhD; Virginia Casey, PhD, MPH; Lisa C. Welch, MA; Terrie Wetle, PhD; Renee Shield, PhD; Vincent Mor, PhD

JAMA. 2004;291:88-93.

Context  Over the past century, nursing homes and hospitals increasingly have become the site of death, yet no national studies have examined the adequacy or quality of end-of-life care in institutional settings compared with deaths at home.

Objective  To evaluate the US dying experience at home and in institutional settings.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Mortality follow-back survey of family members or other knowledgeable informants representing 1578 decedents, with a 2-stage probability sample used to estimate end-of-life care outcomes for 1.97 million deaths from chronic illness in the United States in 2000. Informants were asked via telephone about the patient's experience at the last place of care at which the patient spent more than 48 hours.

Main Outcome Measures  Patient- and family-centered end-of-life care outcomes, including whether health care workers (1) provided the desired physical comfort and emotional support to the dying person, (2) supported shared decision making, (3) treated the dying person with respect, (4) attended to the emotional needs of the family, and (5) provided coordinated care.

Results  For 1059 of 1578 decedents (67.1%), the last place of care was an institution. Of 519 (32.9%) patients dying at home represented by this sample, 198 (38.2%) did not receive nursing services; 65 (12.5%) had home nursing services, and 256 (49.3%) had home hospice services. About one quarter of all patients with pain or dyspnea did not receive adequate treatment, and one quarter reported concerns with physician communication. More than one third of respondents cared for by a home health agency, nursing home, or hospital reported insufficient emotional support for the patient and/or 1 or more concerns with family emotional support, compared with about one fifth of those receiving home hospice services. Nursing home residents were less likely than those cared for in a hospital or by home hospice services to always have been treated with respect at the end of life (68.2% vs 79.6% and 96.2%, respectively). Family members of patients receiving hospice services were more satisfied with overall quality of care: 70.7% rated care as "excellent" compared with less than 50% of those dying in an institutional setting or with home health services (P<.001).

Conclusions  Many people dying in institutions have unmet needs for symptom amelioration, physician communication, emotional support, and being treated with respect. Family members of decedents who received care at home with hospice services were more likely to report a favorable dying experience.

Author Affiliations: Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown Medical School (Drs Teno, Casey, Wetle, and Shield; Ms Welch) and Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (Drs Teno, Mor, Wetle, and Shield); and the Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts at Boston (Dr Clarridge).

RELATED LETTERS

Memories of Loved Ones About Care at the End of Life
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Memories of Loved Ones About Care at the End of Life—Reply
Joan M. Teno, Vincent Mor, Lisa C. Welch, Terrie Wetle, Renee Shield, Virginia Casey, and Brian R. Clarridge
JAMA. 2004;291(12):1446.
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