This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (91)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Related article  • Similar articles in JAMA  Topic Collections  • Endocrine Diseases  • Diabetes Mellitus  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Jaakko Tuomilehto, MD, PhD; Gang Hu, MD, PhD; Siamak Bidel, MD; Jaana Lindström, MSc; Pekka Jousilahti, MD, PhD

JAMA. 2004;291:1213-1219.

Context  Only a few studies of coffee consumption and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported, even though coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world.

Objective  To determine the relationship between coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 DM among Finnish individuals, who have the highest coffee consumption in the world.

Design, Setting, and Participants  A prospective study from combined surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, and 1992 of 6974 Finnish men and 7655 women aged 35 to 64 years without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or DM at baseline, with 175 682 person-years of follow-up. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements.

Main Outcome Measures  Hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of type 2 DM were estimated for different levels of daily coffee consumption.

Results  During a mean follow-up of 12 years, there were 381 incident cases of type 2 DM. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, education, occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity, alcohol and tea consumption, and smoking), the HRs of DM associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, 10 cups) were 1.00, 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-1.05), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.25-0.60), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.74), and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.06-0.69) (P for trend<.001) in women, and 1.00, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47-1.13), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.45-1.05), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.40-1.12), and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25-0.81) (P for trend = .12) in men, respectively. In both sexes combined, the multivariate-adjusted inverse association was significant (P for trend <.001) and persisted when stratified by younger and older than 50 years; smokers and never smokers; healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants; alcohol drinker and nondrinker; and participants drinking filtered and nonfiltered coffee.

Conclusion  Coffee drinking has a graded inverse association with the risk of type 2 DM; however, the reasons for this risk reduction associated with coffee remain unclear.

Author Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute (Drs Tuomilehto, Hu, and Bidel, and Ms Lindström), Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (Drs Tuomilehto, Hu, and Jousilahti), and Institute of Biomedicine (Dr Bidel), Helsinki, Finland.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

RELATED ARTICLE

Coffee Consumption and Insulin Sensitivity
Johan Ärnlöv, Bengt Vessby, and Ulf Risérus
JAMA. 2004;291(10):1199-1201.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Nonpharmacologic Therapy and Exercise in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Tuomilehto
Diabetes Care 2009;32:S189-S193.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee drinking in middle age is not associated with cognitive performance in old age
Laitala et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;90:640-646.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Serum C-Reactive Protein Level with Sex-Specific Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Finnish Study
Hu et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:2099-2105.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Lopez-Garcia et al.
Circulation 2009;119:1116-1123.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee, tea, and incident type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Odegaard et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:979-985.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee and Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Male Smokers
Larsson et al.
Stroke 2008;39:1681-1687.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Total cholesterol and the risk of Parkinson disease
Hu et al.
Neurology 2008;70:1972-1979.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Caffeinated coffee consumption impairs blood glucose homeostasis in response to high and low glycemic index meals in healthy men
Moisey et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1254-1261.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption Is Associated With Higher Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations in Women With or Without Type 2 Diabetes: A prospective cohort study
Williams et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:504-507.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Events After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico)-Prevenzione Trial
Silletta et al.
Circulation 2007;116:2944-2951.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment in Finnish men and women
Hu et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:457-464.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Hu et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:842-847.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee intake and incidence of hypertension
Uiterwaal et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:718-723.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Myocardial Infarction among Older Swedish Women
Rosner et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:288-293.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease
Hu et al.
Neurology 2006;67:1955-1959.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The magnitude of bias in a cross-sectional study on lifestyle factors in relation to Type 2 diabetes
Agardh et al.
Scand J Public Health 2006;34:665-668.
ABSTRACT  

Coffee and Sweetened Beverage Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Paynter et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1075-1084.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Does coffee consumption reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose?
Smith et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:2385-2390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee, diabetes, and weight control.
Greenberg et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:682-693.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Pereira et al.
Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1311-1316.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Lopez-Garcia et al.
Circulation 2006;113:2045-2053.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults.
Iso et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2006;144:554-562.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States
Popkin et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:529-542.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women
Lopez-Garcia et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:674-680.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A prospective cohort study in younger and middle-aged U.S. women
van Dam et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:398-403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Schulze et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:675-684.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
van Dam and Hu
JAMA 2005;294:97-104.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Caffeinated Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Caffeine in Relation to Plasma C-Peptide Levels, a Marker of Insulin Secretion, in U.S. Women
Wu et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:1390-1396.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Statistical Approach Based on Substitution of Macronutrients Provides Additional Information to Models Analyzing Single Dietary Factors in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes in Danish Adults: the Inter99 Study
Faerch et al.
J. Nutr. 2005;135:1177-1182.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Mortality Among Finnish Adults With Diabetes
Hu et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:799-805.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Caffeine Ingestion Is Associated With Reductions in Glucose Uptake Independent of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Before and After Exercise Training
Lee et al.
Diabetes Care 2005;28:566-572.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women
Hu et al.
Eur Heart J 2004;25:2212-2219.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Coffee Consumption on Fasting Blood Glucose and Insulin Concentrations: Randomized controlled trials in healthy volunteers
van Dam et al.
Diabetes Care 2004;27:2990-2992.
FULL TEXT  

Caffeine Ingestion Before an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Impairs Blood Glucose Management in Men with Type 2 Diabetes
Robinson et al.
J. Nutr. 2004;134:2528-2533.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Other articles noted: 06 Feb 2004 to 16 Apr 2004
Evid. Based Nurs. 2004;7:e3-e3.
FULL TEXT