This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on ISI (76)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in JAMA  Topic Collections  • Obesity  • Cardiovascular System  • Cardiovascular Disease/ Myocardial Infarction  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Mark A. Pereira, PhD; Janis Swain, MS, RD; Allison B. Goldfine, MD; Nader Rifai, PhD; David S. Ludwig, MD, PhD

JAMA. 2004;292:2482-2490.

Context  Weight loss elicits physiological adaptations relating to energy intake and expenditure that antagonize ongoing weight loss.

Objective  To test whether dietary composition affects the physiological adaptations to weight loss, as assessed by resting energy expenditure.

Design, Study, and Participants  A randomized parallel-design study of 39 overweight or obese young adults aged 18 to 40 years who received an energy-restricted diet, either low–glycemic load or low-fat. Participants were studied in the General Clinical Research Centers of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Children’s Hospital, Boston, Mass, before and after 10% weight loss. The study was conducted from January 4, 2001, to May 6, 2003.

Main Outcome Measures  Resting energy expenditure measured in the fasting state by indirect calorimetry, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and self-reported hunger.

Results  Resting energy expenditure decreased less with the low–glycemic load diet than with the low-fat diet, expressed in absolute terms (mean [SE], 96 [24] vs 176 [27] kcal/d; P = .04) or as a proportion (5.9% [1.5%] vs 10.6% [1.7%]; P = .05). Participants receiving the low–glycemic load diet reported less hunger than those receiving the low-fat diet (P = .04). Insulin resistance (P = .01), serum triglycerides (P = .01), C-reactive protein (P = .03), and blood pressure (P = .07 for both systolic and diastolic) improved more with the low–glycemic load diet. Changes in body composition (fat and lean mass) in both groups were very similar (P = .85 and P = .45, respectively).

Conclusions  Changes in dietary composition within prevailing norms can affect physiological adaptations that defend body weight. Reduction in glycemic load may aid in the prevention or treatment of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus.

Author Affiliations: Department of Medicine (Drs Pereira and Ludwig) and Department of Laboratory Medicine (Dr Rifai), Children’s Hospital; General Clinical Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital (Ms Swain); and Joslin Diabetes Center (Dr Goldfine), Boston, Mass. Dr Pereira is now with the Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

The Effect of a Plant-Based Low-Carbohydrate ("Eco-Atkins") Diet on Body Weight and Blood Lipid Concentrations in Hyperlipidemic Subjects
Jenkins et al.
Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1046-1054.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term effects of dietary glycemic index on adiposity, energy metabolism, and physical activity in mice
Scribner et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;295:E1126-E1131.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lifestyle and Pharmacological Approaches to Weight Loss: Efficacy and Safety
Bray
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:s81-s88.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Perilipin Polymorphism Interacts with Dietary Carbohydrates to Modulate Anthropometric Traits in Hispanics of Caribbean Origin
Smith et al.
J. Nutr. 2008;138:1852-1858.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease
Marsh and Brand-Miller
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:142-150.
ABSTRACT  

Mechanisms Underlying Caloric Restriction and Lifespan Regulation: Implications for Vascular Aging
Ungvari et al.
Circ. Res. 2008;102:519-528.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and metabolic risk factors in a Dutch population
Du et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:655-661.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Effects of 6-Week Low Glycemic Load Diet Based on Low Glycemic Index Foods in Overweight/Obese Children - Pilot Study
Fajcsak et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2008;27:12-21.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Glycemic response and health a systematic review and meta-analysis: the database, study characteristics, and macronutrient intakes
Livesey et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:223S-236S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Carbohydrate Digestibility and Metabolic Effects
Wong and Jenkins
J. Nutr. 2007;137:2539S-2546S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
Authors/Task Force Members: et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;0:ehm236v1-75.
FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Swedish men
Levitan et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1521-1526.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A high-fat, ketogenic diet induces a unique metabolic state in mice
Kennedy et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;292:E1724-E1739.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of high-carbohydrate or high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of intervention trials
Shah et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1251-1256.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect on 24-h energy expenditure of a moderate-fat diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich diet: a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention trial
Rasmussen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1014-1022.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial
Das et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1023-1030.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults
Maki et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:724-734.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Effect of Weight Loss on C-Reactive Protein: A Systematic Review
Selvin et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:31-39.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reply to NJ Krilanovich
Johnston et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:239-240.
FULL TEXT  

Weighing in on glycemic index and body weight.
Pereira
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:677-679.
FULL TEXT  

Obesity is a major determinant of the association of C-reactive protein levels and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes.
Kahn et al.
Diabetes 2006;55:2357-2364.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lowering dietary glycemic load for weight control and cardiovascular health: a matter of quality.
Liu
Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1438-1439.
FULL TEXT  

Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial.
McMillan-Price et al.
Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1466-1475.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Whole-grain and fiber intakes and periodontitis risk in men
Merchant et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:1395-1400.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiologic Studies
Neuhouser et al.
J. Nutr. 2006;136:1604-1609.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with protein intake from lean red meat lowers blood pressure in hypertensive persons.
Hodgson et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:780-787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1
Krieger et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:260-274.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Appel et al.
Hypertension 2006;47:296-308.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity
Isganaitis and Lustig
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2005;25:2451-2462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Olanzapine and Weight Gain
ISAAC and ISAAC
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:1764-1765.
FULL TEXT  

Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health
Hu
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:242S-247S.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Research Shows Benefit of Low-Glycemic-Load Diet Over Low-Fat Diet
Heubeck
DOC News 2005;2:10-10.
FULL TEXT  

Optimizing the cardiovascular outcomes of weight loss
Brand-Miller
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:949-950.
FULL TEXT  

Protein Intake Is Inversely Associated with Abdominal Obesity in a Multi-Ethnic Population
Merchant et al.
J. Nutr. 2005;135:1196-1201.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low-Glycemic Load Diet and Resting Energy Expenditure
Esposito and Giugliano
JAMA 2005;293:1189-1189.
FULL TEXT  

Low-Glycemic-Load Diet: Potential Benefits
Journal Watch Cardiology 2005;2005:1-1.
FULL TEXT