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Education, 15-Year Risk Factor Progression, and Coronary Artery Calcium in Young Adulthood and Early Middle Age
The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Lijing L. Yan, PhD, MPH;
Kiang Liu, PhD;
Martha L. Daviglus, MD, PhD;
Laura A. Colangelo, MS;
Catarina I. Kiefe, MD, PhD;
Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH;
Karen A. Matthews, PhD;
Philip Greenland, MD
JAMA. 2006;295:1793-1800.
Context The inverse association between education and cardiovascular disease is well established, but little is known about the relationship between education and subclinical disease, which is free from medical access and treatment-related influences, or about possible mediating pathways for these relationships.
Objective To examine the association of education with coronary artery calcium (CAC), an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk factors, and their changes as potential mediators.
Design, Setting, and Participants A population-based, prospective, observational study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults [CARDIA]) of 2913 eligible participants (44.9% black; 53.9% women) recruited from 4 metropolitan areas (Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; Minneapolis, Minn; and Oakland, Calif) in both the baseline (1985-1986, ages 18-30 years) and year 15 examinations (2000-2001, ages 33-45 years). Education (year 15) was classified into less than high school (n = 128), high school graduate (n = 498), some college (n = 902), college graduate (n = 764), and more than college (n = 621).
Main Outcome Measure Presence of CAC, measured twice by computed tomography (mean total Agatston score >0) at year 15.
Results Overall CAC prevalence in this sample was 9.3%. After adjusting for age, race, and sex, the odds ratios (ORs) for having CAC were 4.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-7.35) for less than high school education, 1.89 (95% CI, 1.23-2.91) for high school graduate, 1.47 (95% CI, 0.99-2.19) for some college, and 1.24 (95% CI, 0.84-1.85) for college graduate compared with those participants with more than a college education (P for trend<.001). This was also consistent within each of the 4 race-sex groups. Adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure, smoking, waist circumference, physical activity, and total cholesterol reduced the ORs to 2.61 (95% CI, 1.40-4.85) for less than high school, 1.38 (95% CI, 0.88-2.17) for high school graduate, 1.17 (95% CI, 0.78-1.77) for some college, and 1.13 (95% CI, 0.76-1.69) for college graduate compared with more than a college education (P for trend = .01), and only slightly attenuated by further adjustment for 15-year changes in risk factors.
Conclusion Education was inversely associated with the prevalence of CAC, an association partially explained by baseline risk factors and minimally by 15-year changes in risk factors.
Author Affiliations: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill (Drs Yan, Liu, Daviglus, and Greenland, and Ms Colangelo); Department of Health Economics and Management, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China (Dr Yan); Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Dr Kiefe); Kaiser Permanente Research Division, Oakland, Calif (Dr Sidney); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa (Dr Matthews).
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