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Patient-Reported Symptoms and Quality of Life During Treatment With Tamoxifen or Raloxifene for Breast Cancer PreventionThe NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial
Stephanie R. Land, PhD;
D. Lawrence Wickerham, MD;
Joseph P. Costantino, DrPH;
Marcie W. Ritter, PhD;
Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS;
Myoungkeun Lee, MS;
Eduardo R. Pajon, MD;
James L. Wade III, MD;
Shaker Dakhil, MD;
James B. Lockhart Jr, MD;
Norman Wolmark, MD;
Patricia A. Ganz, MD
JAMA. 2006;295:2742-2751. Published online June 5, 2006 (doi:10.1001/jama.295.23.joc60075).
Context Tamoxifen has been approved for breast cancer risk reduction in high-risk women, but how raloxifene compares with tamoxifen is unknown.
Objective To compare the differences in patient-reported outcomes, quality of life [QOL], and symptoms in Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) participants by treatment assignment.
Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions STAR was a double-blind, randomized phase 3 prevention trial designed to evaluate the relative efficacy of raloxifene vs tamoxifen in reducing the incidence of invasive breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women. Between July 1, 1999, and November 4, 2004, 19 747 participants were enrolled at centers throughout North America, with a median potential follow-up time of 4.6 years (range, 1.2-6.5 years). Patient-reported symptoms were collected from all participants using a 36-item symptom checklist. Quality of life was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), and the Medical Outcomes Study Sexual Activity Questionnaire in a substudy of 1983 participants, median potential follow-up 5.4 years (range, 4.6-6.0 years). Questionnaires were administered before treatment, every 6 months for 60 months and at 72 months.
Main Outcome Measures Primary QOL end points were the SF-36 physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summaries.
Results Among women in the QOL analysis, mean PCS, MCS, and CES-D scores worsened modestly over the study's 60 months, with no significant difference between the tamoxifen (n = 973) and raloxifene (n = 1010) groups (P>.2). Sexual function was slightly better for participants assigned to tamoxifen (age-adjusted repeated measure odds ratio, 1.22%; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46). Of the women in the symptom assessment analyses, the 9769 in the raloxifene group reported greater mean symptom severity over 60 months of assessments than the 9743 in the tamoxifen group for musculoskeletal problems (1.15 vs 1.10, P = .002), dyspareunia (0.78 vs 0.68, P<.001), and weight gain (0.82 vs 0.76, P<.001). Women in the tamoxifen group reported greater mean symptom severity for gynecological problems (0.29 vs 0.19, P<.001), vasomotor symptoms (0.96 vs 0.85, P<.001), leg cramps (1.10 vs 0.91, P<.001), and bladder control symptoms (0.88 vs 0.73, P<.001).
Conclusions No significant differences existed between the tamoxifen and raloxifene groups in patient-reported outcomes for physical health, mental health, and depression, although the tamoxifen group reported better sexual function. Although mean symptom severity was low among these postmenopausal women, those in the tamoxifen group reported more gynecological problems, vasomotor symptoms, leg cramps, and bladder control problems, whereas women in the raloxifene group reported more musculoskeletal problems, dyspareunia, and weight gain.
Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00003906
Author Affiliations: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Operations and Biostatistical Centers (Drs Land, Wickerham, Ritter, and Costantino and Mr Lee), Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh (Drs Land, Ritter, and Costantino and Mr Lee), Allegheny General Hospital (Drs Wickerham and Wolmark), the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Vogel and Land), and Magee Women's Hospital (Dr Vogel), Pittsburgh, Pa; Colorado Cancer Research Program, Denver (Dr Pajon); Community Clinical Oncology Program Central Illinois, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur (Dr Wade); Community Clinical Oncology Program Wichita, Wichita, Kan (Dr Dakhil); Oklahoma Community Clinical Oncology Program, Warren Cancer Research Foundation, Tulsa (Dr Lockhart); University of California Los Angeles Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (Dr Ganz).
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