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Postmenopausal Estrogens—Opposed, Unopposed, or None of the Above
Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH;
Graham Colditz, MD, DrPH;
Meir Stampfer, MD, DrPH
JAMA. 2000;283:534-535.
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Postmenopausal estrogens can reduce menopausal symptoms, risk of osteoporotic fractures, and probably coronary heart disease. Adverse effects include venous thrombosis and cancers of the endometrium and breast. The increased risk of breast cancer is primarily among current or very recent estrogen users and is directly related to duration of use.1
Addition of progestin to estrogen largely mitigates the increased risk of endometrial cancer,2 and combination therapy (opposed estrogen) has become the standard hormonal regimen for women with a uterus. The impact of combined estrogen and progestin on risk of breast cancer has been controversial. Although protective effects analogous to those for endometrial cancer have been hypothesized for breast cancer, cyclical use of progestin to simulate normal menstrual cycles increases mitotic activity in the breast.3
In 2 early reports, addition of progestin to estrogen was reported to reduce . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Author Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, and the Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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