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To the Editor: A recent pooled analysis of cohort studies by Dr Smith-Warner and colleagues¹ found that fruit and vegetable consumption might be not associated with breast cancer risk. However, there remains speculation that consumption of certain subcategories of vegetables, such as brassica vegetables (eg, broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage), might decrease the risk.² Among postmenopausal women, brassica vegetable consumption significantly increases the urinary ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16--hydroxyestrone,³ which is inversely associated with breast cancer risk. In agreement with previous animal experiments,³ indole-3-carbinol found in brassica vegetables was recently shown to arrest the growth of human breast cancer cells.⁴ We examined this association in a nationwide population-based case-control study in Sweden, a country with a relatively wide range of brassica vegetable consumption.⁵

Methods

We studied postmenopausal women aged 50 to 74 years, born in Sweden, and residing there between October 1, 1993, and March 31, 1995.⁶ Incident cases of invasive . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies
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