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Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828), Portrait of General José Manuel Romero, c 1810, Spanish. Oil on canvas. 105.2 x 84.1 cm. Courtesy of The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (http://www.artic.edu); gift of Mr and Mrs Charles Deering McCormick; photograph © 2002, The Art Institute of Chicago.

In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte used the power struggle among family members of the reigning Bourbon monarch Charles IV to occupy Spain. Heretofore France's ally in the naval war against Britain, that alliance had been shaken in 1805 when Nelson handed the French navy a decisive defeat at Cape Trafalgar. Any thoughts of France as a naval power were no longer tenable, yet the Spanish royal family continued to hold Napoleon as friend and protector. Nothing could have been further from the truth. Helped not a little by the dalliance between the queen and her lover, Napoleon played royal . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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