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Viral encephalitis is the inflammation (damage to cells) of brain tissue that may result from infection with any of a number of viruses. Viruses are extremely small infectious agents that are different from bacteria, cannot live outside of cells, and cannot be treated with antibiotic drugs. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common cause of encephalitis in the United States. Other causative viruses include arboviruses (viruses including the West Nile virus that are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies), other herpes viruses, and the rabies virus. In severe cases, encephalitis may result in persistent neurological damage or death. The July 27, 2005, issue of JAMA includes an article that describes rabies encephalitis in the recipients of organs transplanted from an infected donor.

SYMPTOMS

• Fever
  
• Persistent headache
  
• Nausea and vomiting
  
• Confusion or agitation
  
• Extreme sleepiness
  
• Weakness, difficulty walking, or clumsiness
  
• Difficulty speaking
  
• Seizures
  

Sarah Ringold, MD, Writer; Cassio Lynm, MA, Illustrator; Richard M. Glass, MD, Editor