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Patrick G. O’Connor, MD, MPH

JAMA. 2005;294:961-963.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

Opioid dependence and its associated morbidity, mortality, and social costs continue to plague societies around the world. Opioid dependence is characterized by physical dependence as evidenced by tolerance and withdrawal and by behavioral problems, including the inability to control opioid use, opioid use despite adverse consequences, and social dysfunction. The 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health reported that 3.7 million Americans had used heroin at some time in their lives.¹ The Monitoring the Future Survey noted that approximately 1.2% of 10th- and 12th-graders reported ever using heroin in 2004.² In addition, the recent trend of increasing abuse of prescription opioids including oxycodone, propoxyphene, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and meperidine has been a major concern since the late 1990s. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health¹ estimated that as of 2003, more than 31.2 million Americans had used narcotic pain relievers in a "nonmedicinal" manner . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Author Affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

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