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Shyness, Social Anxiety, and Impaired Self-esteem in Turner Syndrome and Premature Ovarian Failure
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To the Editor: Shyness and social anxiety are reported in women with Turner syndrome (TS).1 Possible contributors include physical stigmata, such as short stature and neck-webbing, chromosomally-based deficits in social cognition, and premature ovarian failure with infertility. To investigate the potential role of premature ovarian failure and infertility, we compared measures of psychosocial distress in women with TS, women with spontaneous karyotypically normal premature ovarian failure (POF), and healthy controls.
Methods
Participants in this institutional review boardapproved study were recruited through National Institutes of Health (NIH) Web sites and newspapers and provided written informed consent. Inclusion criteria for patients with TS and POF are described elsewhere.2 Daily hormone therapy was taken by 99% of the women with TS and 90% with POF but was discontinued 2 weeks before evaluation.
Control participants were recruited from the local community and were paid a small stipend. They were required to have regular menstrual cycles, . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Peter J. Schmidt, MD
peterschmidt@mail.nih.gov
Graca M. P. Cardoso, MD
Behavioral Endocrinology Branch National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Md
Judith L. Ross, MD
Department of Pediatrics Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa
Nazli Haq, MA;
David R. Rubinow, MD
Behavioral Endocrinology Branch National Institute of Mental Health
Carolyn A. Bondy, MD
Developmental Endocrinology Branch National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Md
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