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Rebecca Voelker

JAMA. 2008;300(16):1869-1872.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

John Maynard Woodworth, MD, was a reformer before the term ever became popular.

In 1871, Woodworth was named supervising surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service (MHS), an underfunded, loosely organized network of local hospitals that cared for sick and injured merchant seamen. When he took over, he wasted little time in shoring up the service, which was headquartered in Washington, DC. He introduced a military model for the medical staff—physicians wore uniforms and were stationed at the various marine hospitals, based on need. Under his tutelage, the service also published annual reports of its activities.

The US Surgeon General typically has to contend with political pressures. In 1988, despite objections from the Reagan administration, Surgeon General C. Everett Koop oversaw the preparation of an educational brochure on the causes and prevention of AIDS, which was mailed to every US household. (Photo credit: J. Scott Applewhite/AP Images)

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