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Lysophosphatidic Acid as a Potential Biomarker for Ovarian and Other Gynecologic Cancers
Yan Xu, PhD;
Zhongzhou Shen, PhD;
Donald W. Wiper, MD;
Minzhi Wu, MS;
Richard E. Morton, PhD;
Paul Elson, ScD;
Alexander W. Kennedy, MD;
Jerome Belinson, MD;
Maurie Markman, MD;
Graham Casey, PhD
JAMA. 1998;280:719-723.
ABSTRACT
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Context.— Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been shown to stimulate proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and is present in the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer.
Objectives.— To determine whether elevated levels of LPA are present in plasma from patients with ovarian cancer and other gynecologic malignancies compared with healthy controls and to evaluate whether an elevated LPA plasma level may be a biomarker for these diseases.
Design.— A research assay was used to measure total LPA levels in plasma from healthy women and women with different diseases. All LPA assays and comparison of LPA levels and CA125 (an ovarian cancer biomarker) levels were performed by observers blinded to patient status or group.
Setting.— The Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
Participants.— A convenience sample of 48 healthy control women, 48 women with ovarian cancer, 36 women with other gynecologic cancers, 17 women with benign gynecologic diseases, 11 women with breast cancer, and 5 women with leukemias.
Main Outcome Measures.— Total LPA levels in plasma samples from patients and controls.
Results.— Patients in the ovarian cancer group had significantly higher plasma LPA levels (mean, 8.6 µmol/L; range, 1.0-43.1 µmol/L) compared with the healthy control group (mean, 0.6 µmol/L; range, <0.1-6.3 µmol/L) (P<.001). Elevated plasma LPA levels were detected in 9 of 10 patients with stage I ovarian cancer, 24 of 24 patients with stage II, III, and IV ovarian cancer, and 14 of 14 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Of 36 patients with other gynecologic cancers, 33 also showed higher LPA levels (mean, 14.9 µmol/L; range, <0.1-63.2 µmol/L), compared with healthy controls (P<.001). Elevated plasma LPA levels were detected in 5 of 48 controls and 4 of 17 patients with benign gynecologic diseases and in no women with breast cancer or leukemia. In comparison, among a subset of patients with ovarian cancer, 28 of 47 had elevated CA125 levels, including 2 of 9 patients with stage I disease.
Conclusions.— Plasma LPA levels may represent a potential biomarker for ovarian cancer and other gynecologic cancers. However, these findings are preliminary and require confirmation in larger studies.
INTRODUCTION
PATIENTS WITH ovarian cancer have the highest mortality rate among women with gynecologic cancers, with an estimated 14500 deaths from ovarian cancer in 1998 in the United States.1 More than two thirds of patients with ovarian cancer have widespread metastatic disease at initial diagnosis.1 The outlook for women with advanced disease remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate of no more than 15%.2 This dismal outcome is due, at least in part, to the failure to detect the disease at stage I, when the long-term survival rate may approach 90%.1-2 Methods for earlier detection are essential to improve prognosis and overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer.
The CA125 remains the most widely used biomarker for the detection and management of epithelial ovarian cancer, even though this marker is not highly sensitive and lacks specificity. For example, CA125 is not consistently elevated in serum from patients with early-stage ovarian cancer and may be elevated in patients with benign gynecologic diseases.2-3 Measurement of serum CA125 in conjunction with ultrasound screening as a second-line test confers higher specificity but detects only about half of stage I ovarian cancers.4 Although other markers have been developed,5-7 none has proved to be sufficiently sensitive for widespread use.
Previous reports have shown that ascitic fluid from patients with ovarian cancer can stimulate the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.8-9 We recently purified and characterized a factor from the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. This factor is comprised of various species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), termed ovarian cancer activating factor.10-12 The LPA stimulates the proliferation of cancer cells, intracellular calcium release, and tyrosine phosphorylation, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.10-12 This suggests that ovarian cancer activating factor or LPA may play a biological role in ovarian cancer cell growth. The LPA has been shown to be a multifunctional signaling molecule in fibroblasts and other cells.13-15
In this study, we analyzed plasma LPA levels of women with ovarian cancer and other malignant and benign diseases to determine whether elevated plasma LPA levels represent a biomarker for gynecologic malignancies.
METHODS
Patients
We enrolled a convenience sample of patients who were seen in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, during 2 periods, June 1995 to January 1996 and July 1996 to April 1997. Patients with breast cancer or leukemia were seen at the Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center and were enrolled in the study in December 1996. All female patients with cancer who visited the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation during the defined periods were regarded as eligible for entry into the study. No patients who were asked refused to participate. Whole blood specimens were obtained from patients with ovarian cancer, including 10 patients with stage I disease, 24 patients with stages II, II, and IV, and 14 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Blood specimens were obtained from patients with other gynecologic cancers, including 15 patients with primary peritoneal papillary serous adenocarcinoma, 15 patients with endometrial cancer, and 6 patients with cervical cancer. Seventeen patients with benign gynecologic conditions, 11 patients with breast cancer, and 5 patients with leukemia also were enrolled.
Cancer diagnosis was confirmed for all patients following a pathologic review of tumors. One patient with an ovarian tumor of low malignant potential was not included in the study. Clinical stage was determined according to International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians criteria, and the histologic subtype was evaluated according to the World Health Organization classification.16 Whole blood specimens also were obtained from 48 healthy female controls. Controls were identified during the same study periods as patients with gynecologic cancer. Subjects were pooled from 2 sources at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation: healthy volunteers of any age and women older than 50 years without cancer who were attending outpatient clinics for routine physical examination.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. A signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Sample Collection and Analysis
The LPA is produced and released by activated platelets during coagulation and therefore is a normal constituent of serum,17-22 but it is not detectable in whole blood or fresh platelet-poor plasma from healthy individuals.19-22 To prevent platelet activation and phospholipase activity, blood samples were collected in EDTA-containing tubes. Whole blood was centrifuged at 580g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged at 8000g for 5 minutes to remove remaining platelets. Plasma was either processed immediately or stored at-70°C before lipid extraction.
Lipid extraction was performed at 0°C to 4°C to minimize damage to ester bonds, using a slight modification of published methods.22 The LPA was separated from other lipids on thin-layer chromatographic plates, which were developed using a solvent system of chloroform-methanol-ammonium hydroxide (65:35:5.5). Sample spots were scraped from the silica gel plates into glass centrifuge tubes. The LPA was hydrolyzed in 1-mol/L ethanolic potassium hydroxide and transmethylated in the presence of behenic acid (internal standard) with the boric chloride-methanol reagent (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa). The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with petroleum ether, dried under nitrogen, and dissolved in chloroform. A gas chromatography unit (model 5710A; Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington, Del), equipped with a column (1.83x2 mm) coated with 3% SP-2310, 2% SP-2300 on 100/120 Chromosorb WAW (Supelco), was used to analyze LPA levels. Two standard curves were obtained using 2 fatty methyl ester standard mixtures (Nu Check Prep Inc, Elysian, Minn).
Levels of CA125 were determined as a routine analysis from patients with gynecologic cancers by radioimmunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Atlanta, Ga). The LPA levels were compared with CA125 data only if they had been performed within the same week. Except for 1 patient with stage I disease, CA125 data were available for all patients with ovarian cancer.
Statistical Analysis
All samples were coded and analyzed by individuals who had no knowledge of the subject's disease status. Codes were revealed on completion of the plasma LPA analyses. Nonparametric methods were used to analyze the data because of the limited number of patients with some cancers and the large number of patients with undetectable LPA levels. Comparisons of patient groups were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test,23 stratified by age (<50 years, 50-64 years, or >64 years; the age groups were chosen to ensure approximately equal number of subjects in each) and the Kruskal-Wallis test.23 A 0.1-µmol/L LPA value was used in calculations for which LPA levels were below the level of detection. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of LPA as a marker for ovarian cancer and other gynecologic cancers, nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curves24 were examined and a cutoff value of 1.3 µmol/L was identified as optimizing both the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. A cutoff of 35 U/mL was used to define elevated CA125 levels.25 The McNemar test26 was used to compare the proportions of patients with ovarian cancer who had elevated LPA levels, elevated CA125 levels, or both. All statistical significance testing was 2-sided, and P values less than .05 were considered to be statistically significant. Data analyses were carried out using SAS (Statistical Analysis Software, version 6.12, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and StatXact (version 2.04, CYTEL Software Corp, Cambridge, Mass).
RESULTS
The ages, stages, grades, histological types, sizes of the tumors, and treatment status of the patients with ovarian cancer are shown in Table 1. Plasma LPA levels of patients with ovarian cancer were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (P<.001) (Figure 1, Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences in total LPA levels among patients with primary ovarian cancer who had blood samples obtained preoperatively, postoperatively, or postchemotherapy (Figure 1), and, therefore data from these subgroups have been combined.
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Table 1.—Clinical Data for Patients With Ovarian Cancer
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Figure 1.—Total plasma lysophosphatidic acid levels of patients with ovarian cancer and healthy female controls. A indicates preoperative; B, postoperative; and C, postchemotherapy.
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Table 2.—Total Lysophosphatidic Acid Levels
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The median (range) values of total LPA levels in the plasma from patients with stage I (10 patients), stages II, III, and IV (24 patients), and recurrent (14 patients) ovarian cancer were 2.4 (1.0-32.3) µmol/L, 5.2 (1.8-43.1) µmol/L, and 4.1 (1.4-33.8) µmol/L, respectively, compared with 0.1 (<0.1-6.3) µmol/L for 48 controls (Table 2). Plasma LPA levels were higher than the 1.3-µmol/L cutoff value in 47 (98%) of 48 patients with ovarian cancer. The LPA levels were elevated in 9 (90%) of 10 patients with stage I ovarian cancer, and all patients with stages II, III, and IV ovarian cancer (24 of 24) (P<.001 compared with controls) or recurrent ovarian cancer (14 of 14) (P<.001 compared with controls). The 1 false-negative result occurred in a patient with a focal stage I clear cell adenocarcinoma present in a 12-cm endometriotic cyst. The patient also had multiple other sites of histologically documented pelvic endometriosis. There were no statistically significant differences in LPA levels between patients with different stages of ovarian cancer or recurrent ovarian cancer (stage I vs stages II-IV [P=.39]; stage I vs recurrent [P=.18]; stages II-IV vs recurrent [P=.58]).
Among healthy controls (median age, 49.5 years; range, 22-76 years), elevated plasma LPA levels were detected in 5 (10%) of 48 cases, all 5 of whom were older than 45 years (ages 46, 48, 57, 62, and 76 years) (Figure 1).
Patients With Other Gynecologic Cancers
Patients with primary peritoneal (median age, 63.0 years; range, 30-73 years), endometrial (8 with stage I and 7 with stages II, III, and IV; median age, 62.0 years; range, 38-73 years), and cervical cancers (2 with stage I and 4 with advanced stages; median age, 52.5 years; range, 43-76 years) also had statistically significant higher plasma LPA levels than controls (P<.001) (Figure 2, Table 2). Elevated LPA levels were detected in 13 (87%) of 15 patients with peritoneal cancer, 14 (93%) of 15 patients with endometrial cancer, and 6 (100%) of 6 patients with cervical cancer.
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Figure 2.—Total plasma lysophosphatidic acid levels among patients with peritoneal cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer.
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Patients With Benign Gynecologic Diseases
Patients with benign gynecologic diseases had statistically significant higher levels of plasma LPA (9 leiomyoma, 7 benign adnexal masses, and 1 endometriosis; median age, 45.0 years; range, 40-91 years) than controls (P=.004). However, plasma LPA levels above the 1.3-µmol/L cutoff were detected in only 4 (24%) of 17 patients (Figure 3). There was a statistically significant difference between patients with benign gynecologic disease vs patients with gynecologic cancers (P .001).
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Figure 3.—Total plasma lysophosphatidic acid levels among patients with benign gynecologic disease, breast cancer, and leukemias.
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Patients With Breast Cancer and Leukemias
No patients with breast cancer (0 of 11) (2 with stage I, 1 with stage II, and 8 with stage III or IV; median age, 56.0 years; range, 44-74 years) or leukemias (0 of 5) (4 with acute myelocytic leukemia and 1 with acute lymphocytic leukemia; median age, 50.0 years; range, 39-56 years) had elevated plasma LPA levels (Figure 3, Table 2) (P=.20 and .29, respectively, when these 2 groups compared with controls).
LPA Test Performance
Overall, patients with gynecologic cancers (n=84) had significantly higher LPA levels compared with patients with other cancers (n=16) or no cancer (n=48) (P<.001) (Table 2). The patients with gynecologic cancer generally were older than other groups. However, adjusting for age, the difference between LPA levels in patients with gynecologic cancers compared with patients with other cancers or no cancer remained statistically significant (P<.001).
A cutoff value of 1.3 µmol/L for LPA levels was determined to maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the test results within this study population using the nonparametric receiver operating characteristics curve (Figure 4). Using the cutoff of 1.3 µmol/L for LPA, the sensitivity and the specificity among all patients with gynecologic cancers and all other subgroups (controls, patients with benign gynecologic diseases, breast cancer, and leukemia) were 95% and 89%, respectively. However, this cutoff value may be applicable only to this study population and will have to be reevaluated following larger studies.
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Figure 4.—Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curve for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) assay results in distinguishing between gynecologic cancer and no gynecologic cancer.
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Comparison of LPA and CA125 Levels
The CA125 and LPA values were compared in patients with ovarian cancers who had blood samples drawn and assayed within the same week, using the cutoff value of 35 U/mL for CA125 and 1.3 µmol/L for LPA. Of the 9 patients with stage I ovarian cancer for whom data was obtained using both assays, 8 (89%) had elevated LPA levels, and 2 (22%) also had an elevated CA125 level (P=.03). The one false-negative LPA level was in a patient whose CA125 level (26 U/mL) was also below the specified cutoff value (35 U/mL). Among 24 patients with stages II, III, and IV ovarian cancer, 24 (100%) had elevated LPA levels and 13 (54%) had elevated CA125 levels (P=.001). All 14 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer had elevated LPA levels, and 12 (86%) of the 14 had elevated CA125 levels (P=.50). Overall, 47 (98%) of 48 patients with ovarian cancer had LPA levels higher than 1.3 µmol/L, and 28 (57%) of 47 had CA125 levels higher than 35 U/mL.
COMMENT
We believe that the most important finding of this study is that elevated plasma LPA levels were detected in patients with early-stage ovarian cancer compared with controls. In addition, a comparison of available CA125 values with LPA levels suggests that plasma LPA may represent a more sensitive marker for ovarian cancer, particularly stage I disease. The plasma LPA assay offers the possibility of earlier diagnosis of ovarian cancer, a disease that is associated with a poor outcome mainly because it is rarely detected at early stages.
However, a number of issues need to be addressed. Our results are preliminary and are based on a limited study population. Further studies will be required to determine the general usefulness of LPA as a biomarker for gynecologic cancers and whether a combination of the LPA and CA125 assays will prove even more useful for cancer detection. In this study, we used a 1.3-µmol/L cutoff value to optimize for specificity and sensitivity using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We recognize that this value needs to be reevaluated following large-scale studies.
In this study, 47 (98%) of 48 patients with ovarian cancer and 80 (95%) of 84 women with any gynecologic malignancy had elevated levels of LPA, whereas no patients with breast cancer or leukemia showed elevated plasma LPA levels. Five of 48 healthy female controls and 4 of 17 patients with benign gynecologic diseases (1 with leiomyoma, 2 with benign adnexal masses, and 1 with endometriosis) had elevated plasma LPA levels. To represent a useful test for the detection of gynecologic cancers, any assay needs to have a low or minimal false-positive rate. The reasons for the false-positive results in the present study are not clear. From limited longitudinal studies, we have determined that patients with active ovarian cancer consistently demonstrate elevated LPA levels from serial blood LPA tests (Xu et al, unpublished data, 1998). In contrast, LPA levels less than 1.3 µmol/L were detected on repeat tests from several controls in this study who initially showed higher levels of LPA (only the initial test results are reported herein).
The false-positive results we observed may suggest that other factors influence the release of activated LPA into plasma. For example, certain diseases may influence activated LPA release, including inflammatory processes, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes mellitus. Future studies therefore need to include not only prospective or longitudinal CA125 and LPA comparative analyses but also investigations that will determine whether plasma LPA levels are influenced by other medical conditions that may affect the production, secretion, and circulation of LPA. Longitudinal studies are also required to assess how well LPA levels correlate with disease status and thus may be used as a marker for monitoring treatment, progression, and recurrence.
The source of the elevated plasma LPA in patients with gynecologic cancers remains to be determined. Our data suggest that ovarian cancer cells may be a source of LPA as we have shown that ovarian cancer cells, but not breast cancer or leukemia cells, secrete LPA following stimulation by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (Shen et al, unpublished data, 1998).27
In summary, our findings suggest that elevated plasma LPA levels represent a potential biomarker for gynecologic cancers and early-stage ovarian cancer in particular. However, this study is preliminary in nature and requires validation in larger multicenter studies. General application will require the development of a simple assay for LPA, such as an enzyme-linked immunoassay or a radioimmunoassay.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Reprints: Yan Xu, PhD, Department of Cancer Biology, NN10, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.
This study was supported by an American Cancer Society institutional (Atlanta, Ga) research grant (RPC#3528) and an American Cancer Society (Atlanta, Ga) research opportunity grant (ROG 399) to Dr Xu.
We thank G. T. Budd, MD, B. Overmoyer, MD, and J. Crowe, MD, for their support in blood sample collection; Bryan Williams, PhD, and Chris Campbell, PhD, for their critical review of the manuscript; and Barbara Kulp, RN, and Gertrude Peterson, RN, for assistance in sample collection.
From the Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Drs Xu, Wiper, Kennedy, Belinson, and Casey), Cancer Biology (Drs Xu, Shen, and Casey and Ms Wu), Cell Biology (Dr Morton), and Biostatistics (Dr Elson) and the Cancer Center (Drs Xu, Markman, Casey, and Elson), Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and the Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University (Dr Shen), Cleveland, Ohio.
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Endocrinology 2005;146:3387-3400.
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c-Src-Mediated Phosphorylation of TRIP6 Regulates Its Function in Lysophosphatidic Acid-Induced Cell Migration
Lai et al.
Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005;25:5859-5868.
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Comparative Gene Expression Analysis of Ovarian Carcinoma and Normal Ovarian Epithelium by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
Peters et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1717-1723.
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Clinical Significance of Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor and A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 Expression in Human Ovarian Cancer
Tanaka et al.
Clin. Cancer Res. 2005;11:4783-4792.
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Characterization of rat ovarian adenocarcinomas developed in response to direct instillation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) coated suture
Crist et al.
Carcinogenesis 2005;26:951-957.
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Signaling Mechanisms Responsible for Lysophosphatidic Acid-induced Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Li et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 2005;280:10564-10571.
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Cyclooxygenase-2 Functions as a Downstream Mediator of Lysophosphatidic Acid to Promote Aggressive Behavior in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells
Symowicz et al.
Cancer Res. 2005;65:2234-2242.
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Nitrolinoleic acid: An endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} ligand
Schopfer et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005;102:2340-2345.
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Alendronate Inhibits Intraperitoneal Dissemination in In vivo Ovarian Cancer Model
Hashimoto et al.
Cancer Res. 2005;65:540-545.
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Up-regulation of interleukin-6 in human ovarian cancer cell via a Gi/PI3K-Akt/NF-{kappa}B pathway by lysophosphatidic acid, an ovarian cancer-activating factor
Chou et al.
Carcinogenesis 2005;26:45-52.
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Lysophospholipids increase ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC through a Gi- and NF-{kappa}B-dependent mechanism
Lee et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2004;287:C1657-C1666.
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Quantitative analysis of lysophosphatidic acid by time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a phosphate-capture molecule
Tanaka et al.
J. Lipid Res. 2004;45:2145-2150.
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Cancer Screening: How Good Is Good Enough?
Hensley and Spriggs
JCO 2004;22:4037-4039.
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Early Detection and Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer Using Serum YKL-40
Dupont et al.
JCO 2004;22:3330-3339.
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Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor Is a Promising Target for Ovarian Cancer Therapy
Miyamoto et al.
Cancer Res. 2004;64:5720-5727.
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Lysophospholipids Are Potential Biomarkers of Ovarian Cancer
Sutphen et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:1185-1191.
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulates Ovarian Cancer Cell Migration via a Ras-MEK Kinase 1 Pathway
Bian et al.
Cancer Res. 2004;64:4209-4217.
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NHERF2 Specifically Interacts with LPA2 Receptor and Defines the Specificity and Efficiency of Receptor-Mediated Phospholipase C-{beta}3 Activation
Oh et al.
Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004;24:5069-5079.
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