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Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in Overweight and Obese Adults
Marjolein Visser, PhD;
Lex M. Bouter, PhD;
Geraldine M. McQuillan, PhD;
Mark H. Wener, MD;
Tamara B. Harris, MD, MS
JAMA. 1999;282:2131-2135.
ABSTRACT
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Context Human adipose tissue expresses and releases the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, potentially inducing low-grade systemic inflammation in persons with excess body fat.
Objective To test whether overweight and obesity are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation as measured by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level.
Design and Setting The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the US population from 1988 to 1994.
Participants A total of 16,616 men and nonpregnant women aged 17 years or older.
Main Outcome Measures Elevated CRP level of 0.22 mg/dL or more and a more stringent clinically raised CRP level of more than 1.00 mg/dL.
Results Elevated CRP levels and clinically raised CRP levels were present in 27.6% and 6.7% of the population, respectively. Both overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI,  30 kg/m2) persons were more likely to have elevated CRP levels than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI, <25 kg/m2). After adjustment for potential confounders, including smoking and health status, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated CRP was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.91) for obese men and 6.21 (95% CI, 4.94-7.81) for obese women. In addition, BMI was associated with clinically raised CRP levels in women, with an OR of 4.76 (95% CI, 3.42-6.61) for obese women. Waist-to-hip ratio was positively associated with both elevated and clinically raised CRP levels, independent of BMI. Restricting the analyses to young adults (aged 17-39 years) and excluding smokers, persons with inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus and estrogen users did not change the main findings.
Conclusion Higher BMI is associated with higher CRP concentrations, even among young adults aged 17 to 39 years. These findings suggest a state of low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight and obese persons.
INTRODUCTION
Adipose tissue previously was considered a passive storage depot for fat but is now known to play an active role in metabolism.1-2 Among the recently discovered compounds expressed in human adipose tissue is the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6).3-4 Moreover, IL-6 produced in the adipose tissue of healthy humans is released into the circulation.4-5 Adipose tissue is estimated to produce about 25% of the systemic IL-6 in vivo.4 Because of the inflammatory properties of IL-6, including the stimulation of acute-phase protein production in the liver,6-7 the release of IL-6 from adipose tissue may induce low-grade systemic inflammation in persons with excess body fat.
A sensitive marker for systemic inflammation is the acute-phase C-reactive protein (CRP). In a meta-analysis of 7 prospective studies, elevated serum CRP concentration was shown to predict future risk of coronary heart disease.8 C-reactive protein levels well below the conventional clinical upper limit of normal of 1 mg/dL have been associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary heart disease mortality in healthy men and women.9-13
This study tested whether overweight and obesity are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation as measured by serum CRP concentration.
METHODS
Survey Design and Data Sources
The study included 16,616 adult participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. NHANES III was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.14 The survey had a complex, stratified, multistage probability-cluster design for selecting a sample of approximately 40,000 persons representative of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population. Children younger than 5 years, persons aged 60 years or older, Mexican American persons, and non-Hispanic blacks were sampled at higher rates than others. Eighty-one percent of all eligible adults consented to an initial interview in their household. Of the 20,050 persons aged 17 years or older who were interviewed, 18,162 were subsequently examined in a mobile examination center or in their homes. Persons with missing data on height, body weight, or serum CRP level (n = 1239) and pregnant women (n = 307, validated by urine pregnancy test) were excluded, leaving 16,616 persons (7938 men and 8678 women) available for the statistical analyses.
Body weight and height were measured using standardized procedures.15 Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters and used as an indicator of body fat.16-17 The 1998 clinical guidelines18 were used to define overweight (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI 30 kg/m2).
Waist circumference was measured at the level of the high point of the iliac crest and the circumference at the level of maximum extension of the buttocks.15 The waist-to-hip ratio, calculated as waist circumference divided by hip circumference, was used as an indicator of abdominal visceral fat.19
Serum specimens for the measurement of CRP were stored at -70°C and analyzed within 2 months after phlebotomy. C-reactive protein was analyzed using a modification of the Behring Latex-Enhanced CRP assay on the Behring Nephelometer Analyzer System (Behring Diagnostics, Westwood, Mass) (M.H.W., Phyllis R. Daum, MT [ASCP], G.M.M., unpublished data, 1999). Both within- and between-assay quality control procedures were used and the coefficient of variation of the method was 3.2% to 16.1% through the period of data collection. The assay could detect a minimal CRP concentration of 0.22 mg/dL, and values below this level were classified as undetectable. The assay was designed primarily to detect inflammation and was included as part of the NHANES III cohort to help detect inflammation as a confounding variable for interpretation of nutrition markers. Because most individuals had values less than the minimum detectable concentration, CRP is treated as a categorical rather than a continuous variable.
Race was defined by self-report as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Mexican American. People outside these categories were classified as other. Smoking status was based on self-report and categorized as never, former, or current smoking. All persons with a serum cotinine concentration of more than 57 nmol/L (10 ng/mL)20 as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectroscopy21 were categorized as current smokers, irrespective of self-report. Inflammatory disease prevalence was determined through self-report of physician-diagnosed conditions (chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, and rheumatoid arthritis) and self-report of "having a cold" in the past few days. A serum tube dilution latex fixation test for rheumatoid factor was assessed in persons aged 60 years or older.22 All persons with a positive test result (1:40 titer) were categorized as having rheumatoid arthritis or a related inflammatory disorder, irrespective of self-report. Cardiovascular disease included self-reported physician-diagnosed myocardial infarction and stroke and angina as assessed by the Rose Angina Questionnaire.23 Diabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus with insulin use or, in the case of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, a fasting plasma glucose level of at least 6.99 mmol/L (126 mg/dL).24-25 Estrogen use was based on self-report, categorized as contraceptive medications (oral or implant) or estrogen replacement therapy.
Statistical Analyses
The study population was divided into 2 categories based on CRP concentration, undetectable (<0.22 mg/dL) and elevated (0.22 mg/dL). The population was also divided into 2 categories based on the conventional clinical cut point for inflammation, a CRP concentration of more than 1.00 mg/dL. Two outcome variables were defined: elevated CRP level (0.22 mg/dL), which was compared with undetectable CRP, and clinically raised CRP level (>1.00 mg/dL), which was compared with CRP level of no more than 1.00 mg/dL. Within each sex, the relationship between BMI and CRP concentration category was examined by multiple logistic regression analysis. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BMI as a categorical variable according to the clinical guidelines, with normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) as the reference category, and for BMI as a continuous variable, expressed per 5-kg/m2 (about 1 SD) increment. Moreover, ORs per SD increment of waist-to-hip ratio (0.1 units) were calculated. Adjustments were made for potential confounders, including age, race, smoking status, estrogen use, inflammatory disease, and other diseases associated with low-grade inflammation, including cardiovascular disease8, 26-27 and diabetes mellitus.28 To assess potential effect modification by age, smoking status, disease status, or estrogen use, the analyses were repeated, restricted to young (aged 17-39 years), healthy non–estrogen-using nonsmokers. Odds ratios do not approximate risk ratios when the prevalence of the outcome variable in the study population is greater than 10%.29 The calculated OR for elevated CRP concentration therefore should not be interpreted as a risk ratio. Analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) and incorporated sampling weights to account for oversampling and nonresponse to the household interview and examination.30 Variance estimates were calculated with SUDAAN, incorporating the complex sampling design of NHANES III.30
RESULTS
Elevated CRP levels (0.22 mg/dL) were present in 21.8% of men and 33.1% of women, and clinically raised CRP levels (>1.00 mg/dL) in 4.4% and 8.9%, respectively. Other characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.
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Table 1. Characteristics of Study Population*
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With increasing BMI, the prevalence of elevated CRP level increased in both men and women (Figure 1). However, with increasing BMI the prevalence of clinically raised CRP level increased among women only; the prevalence was 4.0% (95% CI, 3.3%-4.8%) in normal-weight women, 7.7% (95% CI, 6.4%-9.4%) in overweight women, and 20.2% (95% CI, 18.1%-22.5%) in obese women.
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Figure. Prevalence of Elevated (0.22 mg/dL) Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration by BMI Category in Men and Women Aged 17 Years or Older
Normal weight was considered a body mass index (BMI) of less than 25 kg/m2; overweight, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2; and obese, 30 kg/m2 or more. The prevalence of clinically raised (>1.00 mg/dL) serum C-reactive protein concentration is indicated in black.
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Obese men were 2.13 times more likely and obese women 6.21 times more likely to have elevated CRP levels compared with their normal-weight counterparts (Table 2). Per 1-SD increase in BMI, men were 1.38 and women were 2.04 times more likely to have elevated CRP levels. Among women, BMI was also associated with clinically raised CRP levels. Obese women were 4.76 times more likely to have clinically raised CRP levels compared with normal-weight women. Per 1-SD increment in BMI, women were 1.69 times more likely to have clinically raised CRP levels.
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Table 2. Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for Elevated and Clinically Raised Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentrations in 16,616 Men and Women*
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The waist-to-hip ratio was independently associated with both elevated and clinically raised CRP levels in men and women. Per 1-SD increase in waist-to-hip ratio, men were 1.41 and women were 1.21 times more likely to have elevated CRP levels (Table 2). The OR for clinically raised CRP levels per 1-SD increase in waist-to-hip ratio was 1.36 in men and 1.28 in women.
The association between BMI and CRP was also investigated after stratification by age group (young = 17-39 years; middle-aged = 40-59 years; old = 60 years). Among women, the association between BMI and CRP categories was influenced by age group. Older obese women were less likely to have elevated or clinically raised CRP levels than young obese women. A similar effect modification by age group in women was observed using BMI as a categorical variable. No effect modification by age group was observed in men.
To avoid any potential effect modification by age, inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, or estrogen use, the analyses were repeated restricted to healthy, nonsmoking, non–estrogen-using persons aged 17 to 39 years. The positive association between BMI category and elevated CRP level remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, race, smoking status (never and former smoking only), and waist-to-hip ratio (Table 3). In this restricted analysis, BMI also remained positively associated with clinically raised CRP levels among women.
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Table 3. Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) for Elevated and Clinically Raised Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Concentrations in 3303 Young (Aged 17-39 Years), Nonsmoking, Non–Estrogen-Using Men and Women Without Inflammatory Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, or Diabetes Mellitus*
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COMMENT
Previous studies in middle-aged and elderly persons have reported a positive association between BMI and CRP concentration.12, 26-27 However, in these age groups, the association may have been confounded by disease. Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease are prevalent diseases in older persons and are associated with both obesity31-33 and increased CRP concentrations.8, 26-28,34 We carefully controlled for inflammatory disease and other factors known to influence CRP concentrations. A higher prevalence of low-grade systemic inflammation was observed in overweight and obese persons compared with normal-weight persons. Most importantly, our study extends these findings to young adults aged 17 to 39 years, in whom the prevalence of any confounding subclinical disease is generally very low. Of interest is our observation that the distribution of body fat is associated with CRP concentration independent of BMI. A high waist-to-hip ratio, indicative of a large amount of abdominal visceral fat, was associated with low-grade systemic inflammation in men and women.
Our results, together with the evidence of previous studies, have important implications for the health risks of overweight and obese individuals, including those at young ages. Based on NHANES III data, we estimated that 53.9% of US adults aged 17 years or older are overweight or obese. Overweight, obesity, and a large waist-to-hip ratio pose a considerable health risk, including cardiovascular health.33, 35-37 Low-grade systemic inflammation has been shown to increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.9-13 Some of the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese persons may be explained by our observation that increased CRP concentrations are more prevalent in these persons.
C-reactive protein concentrations well below the conventional clinical upper limit of normal of 1 mg/dL have been associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease in healthy men and women.9-13 In addition, elevated CRP levels are predictive of cardiac complications in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction38-39 and CRP induces the production of tissue factor, a potent procoagulant, in monocytes.40 Moreover, elevated CRP concentrations are associated with increased coronary heart disease mortality and total mortality.9, 41
Approximately 25% of circulating IL-6 is estimated to be released by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo,2 and IL-6 stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins in the liver.6-7 This might explain the observed associations between BMI and CRP. In vitro, human abdominal visceral adipose tissue releases more IL-6 compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue,5 possibly explaining our observation that a higher waist-to-hip ratio, after adjustment for BMI and several confounders, was independently associated with elevated CRP level.
Body mass index is an important clinical indicator of overweight and obesity,18 but its use as an indicator of body fatness has limitations. At a similar BMI, women have more body fat than men.42 This difference was reflected in our data, showing a higher prevalence of elevated and clinically raised CRP levels in women compared with men in overweight and obese persons (Figure 1). The higher prevalence of elevated and clinically raised CRP levels among obese women compared with obese men could also be due to by the fact that women were more likely to be extremely obese: a BMI of 35 to 40 kg/m2 was prevalent among 3.4% of men and 6.4% of women, and a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or more was present among 1.7% of men and 3.6% of women. Both phenomena might also explain why BMI was associated with clinically raised CRP levels in women but not men.
Persons with a normal body weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) were used as the reference group. However, this group included a small percentage (1.3% of men and 3.8% of women) of underweight persons (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) who might be more likely to be in poor health, with associated higher CRP concentrations. However, when the analyses were repeated after exclusion of underweight people in the reference group, similar results were obtained.
Because the lower detection limit of the CRP assay was 0.22 mg/dL, serum CRP level was used as a categorical variable. It is unlikely that the use of a more sensitive assay would have changed the conclusions of the study. The association between obesity and CRP concentration was observed regardless of the CRP cut point that was used (0.22 or >1.00 mg/dL). Second, although the cut point of 1.0 mg/dL has been used in clinical studies, more recent epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk for cardiovascular disease at CRP levels of 0.2 mg/dL and higher.9-13
We used a single CRP measurement that may not accurately reflect long-term inflammation status. The biological variability of CRP is substantial, with reported values ranging from 10.6% to 63.0%.43-46 However, because random misclassification due to biological variability will lead to underestimation of true associations, this limitation is unlikely to explain our findings.
Measurements of the serum concentration of IL-6 were not available in the present study. Although the results support the hypothesis that IL-6 produced by the adipocytes increase CRP concentration, direct assessment of IL-6 concentration is needed in future studies to further test this hypothesis.
In conclusion, the results of this large-scale cross-sectional study show that higher BMI is associated with higher CRP concentrations that could not be explained by inflammatory disease or other factors or diseases known to increase CRP concentrations. Because these associations also were observed among young adults aged 17 to 39 years, subclinical disease is unlikely to explain our findings. These data suggest that a state of low-grade systemic inflammation is present in overweight and obese persons.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author and Reprints: Marjolein Visser, PhD, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands (e-mail: m.visser.emgo{at}med.vu.nl).
Author Affiliations: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Dr Visser and Prof Bouter), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Drs Visser and Harris); National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Md (Dr McQuillan); and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wener).
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ABSTRACT
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Serum Amyloid A, but Not C-Reactive Protein, Stimulates Vascular Proteoglycan Synthesis in a Pro-Atherogenic Manner
Wilson et al.
Am. J. Pathol. 2008;173:1902-1910.
ABSTRACT
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Age, Gender, and Race Effects on Cystatin C Levels in US Adolescents
Groesbeck et al.
CJASN 2008;3:1777-1785.
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| FULL TEXT
The Effects of Leptin on Airway Smooth Muscle Responses
Nair et al.
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 2008;39:475-481.
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Dietary patterns and C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women
Nanri et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1488-1496.
ABSTRACT
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Predictors of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Lee et al.
Lupus 2008;17:114-123.
ABSTRACT
Adiponectin and Adaptive Immunity: Linking the Bridge From Obesity to Atherogenesis
Steffens and Mach
Circ. Res. 2008;102:140-142.
FULL TEXT
Prevalence and Cluster of Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Schoolchildren: Results from a Large Survey in Southwest Germany
Nagel et al.
Clin. Chem. 2008;54:317-325.
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C-Reactive Protein and All-Cause Mortality in a Large Hospital-Based Cohort
Marsik et al.
Clin. Chem. 2008;54:343-349.
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Adiponectin Inhibits the Production of CXC Receptor 3 Chemokine Ligands in Macrophages and Reduces T-Lymphocyte Recruitment in Atherogenesis
Okamoto et al.
Circ. Res. 2008;102:218-225.
ABSTRACT
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Association of Snoring With Chronic Bronchitis
Baik et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:167-173.
ABSTRACT
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A prospective study of weight change and systemic inflammation over 9 y
Fogarty et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:30-35.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Infection and Neuroarthropathy: The Utility of C-reactive Protein as a Screening Tool in the Charcot Foot
Judge
J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 2008;98:1-6.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Metabolic disturbances in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Harsch
ERR 2007;16:196-202.
ABSTRACT
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Association of C-Reactive Protein with Surrogate Measures of Insulin Resistance among Nondiabetic US Adults: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 2002
Meng et al.
Clin. Chem. 2007;53:2152-2159.
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Associations between healthy eating patterns and immune function or inflammation in overweight or obese postmenopausal women
Boynton et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:1445-1455.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Comparison of Different Regression Analyses for Identifying Risk Factors in Obese and Nonobese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Yologlu et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2007;58:543-549.
ABSTRACT
Allergic Airway Responses in Obese Mice
Johnston et al.
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007;176:650-658.
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| FULL TEXT
Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated inflammatory responses to physical activity
Cooper et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2007;103:700-709.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Risk Factors for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Hernandez-Diaz et al.
Pediatrics 2007;120:e272-e282.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
{gamma}-Linolenate Reduces Weight Regain in Formerly Obese Humans
Schirmer and Phinney
J. Nutr. 2007;137:1430-1435.
ABSTRACT
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Cardiovascular risk markers in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and correlation with obesity
Ryan et al.
Thorax 2007;62:509-514.
ABSTRACT
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Distributions of C-Reactive Protein and its Association With Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People
Ye et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1798-1805.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Increases C-Reactive Protein during Weight Loss
Rankin and Turpyn
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2007;26:163-169.
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Relationship between Adipocyte Size and Adipokine Expression and Secretion
Skurk et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:1023-1033.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
The dual function of hepatic SOCS3 in insulin resistance in vivo.
Torisu et al.
GENES CELLS 2007;12:143-154.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
What Predicts Progression and Regression of Urinary Albumin Excretion in the Nondiabetic Population?
Brantsma et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007;18:637-645.
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| FULL TEXT
The Effect of Weight Loss on C-Reactive Protein: A Systematic Review
Selvin et al.
Arch Intern Med 2007;167:31-39.
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| FULL TEXT
Impaired endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity in patients with familial combined hyperlipidaemia
De Michele et al.
Heart 2007;93:78-81.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genetic Variation Is Associated With C-Reactive Protein Levels in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Crawford et al.
Circulation 2006;114:2458-2465.
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| FULL TEXT
Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Relation to Body Mass Index
Dublin et al.
Arch Intern Med 2006;166:2322-2328.
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| FULL TEXT
Diabetes, Inflammation, and Functional Decline in Older Adults: Findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) study.
Figaro et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:2039-2045.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, and Inflammation in Older Individuals: The Health, Aging and Body Composition study
de Rekeneire et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:1902-1908.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Insight into the nature of the CRP-coronary event association using Mendelian randomization
Casas et al.
Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:922-931.
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Plasma fibrinogen and lung function: the CARDIA Study
Thyagarajan et al.
Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:1001-1008.
ABSTRACT
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Additive Value of Immunoassay-Measured Fibrinogen and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels for Predicting Incident Cardiovascular Events
Mora et al.
Circulation 2006;114:381-387.
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Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women.
Wunder et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2006;155:137-142.
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| FULL TEXT
Adiponectin Is a Negative Regulator of NK Cell Cytotoxicity
Kim et al.
J. Immunol. 2006;176:5958-5964.
ABSTRACT
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High sensitivity C-reactive protein in asthma.
Takemura et al.
Eur Respir J 2006;27:908-912.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Guven et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2006;57:295-302.
ABSTRACT
Total Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and C-Reactive Protein in Metabolic Syndrome With or Without Diabetes
Efstratiadis et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2006;57:303-311.
ABSTRACT
Dietary Factors That Promote or Retard Inflammation
Basu et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2006;26:995-1001.
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Skeletal Muscle Protein Anabolic Response to Increased Energy and Insulin Is Preserved in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes
Bell et al.
J. Nutr. 2006;136:1249-1255.
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| FULL TEXT
Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance.
Oberbach et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:577-585.
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Association between leptin and asthma in adults
Sood et al.
Thorax 2006;61:300-305.
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Controversies regarding hormone therapy: Insights from inflammation and hemostasis
Koh and Yoon
Cardiovasc Res 2006;70:22-30.
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Inflammation as a Mediator of the Link between Mild to Moderate Renal Insufficiency and Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension.
Zoccali et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;17:S64-S68.
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Obesity, Arterial Stiffness, and Cardiovascular Risk
Safar et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;17:S109-S111.
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Association of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index With Novel and Traditional Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Women
Mora et al.
JAMA 2006;295:1412-1419.
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Influence of body mass index on the response to asthma controller agents.
Peters-Golden et al.
Eur Respir J 2006;27:495-503.
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Obesity As a Risk Factor for Developing Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
Arias et al.
Chest 2006;129:828-829.
FULL TEXT
Association of inflammatory markers with socioeconomic status.
Koster et al.
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61:284-290.
ABSTRACT
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A Prospective Study of Serum C-Reactive Protein and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men
Gunter et al.
Cancer Res. 2006;66:2483-2487.
ABSTRACT
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Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism
Greenberg and Obin
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:461S-465S.
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Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with increased waist circumference independent of body mass index in men and women
Weinbrenner et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:30-35.
ABSTRACT
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Augmented responses to ozone in obese carboxypeptidase E-deficient mice
Johnston et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006;290:R126-R133.
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Inflammation and Triglycerides Partially Mediate the Effect of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index on the Risk of Preeclampsia
Bodnar et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1198-1206.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Inflammation and Endometrial Cancer: A Hypothesis
Modugno et al.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:2840-2847.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Plasma C-Reactive Protein in Early Pregnancy and Preterm Delivery
Pitiphat et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1108-1113.
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| FULL TEXT
C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women From the Framingham Heart Study
Wilson et al.
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2473-2478.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Iliofemoral Venous Pressure Correlates with Intraabdominal Pressure in Morbidly Obese Patients
Arfvidsson et al.
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG 2005;39:505-509.
ABSTRACT
Inflammation is associated with increased energy expenditure in patients with chronic kidney disease
Utaka et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:801-805.
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Plasma carotene and {alpha}-tocopherol in relation to 10-y all-cause and cause-specific mortality in European elderly: the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA)
Buijsse et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:879-886.
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Lipid, Lipoproteins, C-Reactive Protein, and Hemostatic Factors at Baseline in the Diabetes Prevention Program
the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Diabetes Care 2005;28:2472-2479.
ABSTRACT
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Assessment of Hemostatic Risk Factors in Predicting Arterial Thrombotic Events
Feinbloom and Bauer
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2005;25:2043-2053.
ABSTRACT
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Clinical and atopic parameters and airway inflammatory markers in childhood asthma: a factor analysis
Leung et al.
Thorax 2005;60:822-826.
ABSTRACT
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Release of C-Reactive Protein in Response to Inflammatory Cytokines by Human Adipocytes: Linking Obesity to Vascular Inflammation
Calabro et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1112-1113.
FULL TEXT
The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study
McGwin et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2005;89:1166-1170.
ABSTRACT
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Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans
Sorensen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:421-427.
ABSTRACT
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Defining the Proinflammatory Phenotype Using High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Levels as the Biomarker
Devaraj et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:4549-4554.
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Paradoxical Effect of Body Mass Index on Survival in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Role of Comorbidity and Systemic Inflammation
Escalante et al.
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1624-1629.
ABSTRACT
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Adipose Tissue Metabolism and CD11b Expression on Monocytes in Obese Hypertensives
Boschmann et al.
Hypertension 2005;46:130-136.
ABSTRACT
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Cholesterol Feeding Increases C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Lean Insulin-Sensitive Subjects
Tannock et al.
Circulation 2005;111:3058-3062.
ABSTRACT
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C reactive protein levels are increased in non-allergic but not allergic asthma: a multicentre epidemiological study
Olafsdottir et al.
Thorax 2005;60:451-454.
ABSTRACT
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Elevated Interleukin-18 Levels Are Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Hung et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2005;25:1268-1273.
ABSTRACT
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Intensive Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin on Inflammation and Coagulation in Participants With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Diabetes 2005;54:1566-1572.
ABSTRACT
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Concentrations of leptin and C-reactive protein in serum and follicular fluid during assisted reproductive cycles
Wunder et al.
Hum Reprod 2005;20:1266-1271.
ABSTRACT
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Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis
Lau et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005;288:H2031-H2041.
ABSTRACT
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Behavioural treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training
Nicklas et al.
CMAJ 2005;172:1199-1209.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Body Build and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: The LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) Study
de Simone et al.
Circulation 2005;111:1924-1931.
ABSTRACT
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Prospective Study of Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke in Apparently Healthy Women
Kurth et al.
Circulation 2005;111:1992-1998.
ABSTRACT
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Body composition and fat distribution influence systemic hemodynamics in the absence of obesity: the HyperGEN Study
de Simone et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:757-761.
ABSTRACT
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A Burning Question: Does an Adipokine-Induced Activation of the Immune System Mediate the Effect of Overnutrition on Type 2 Diabetes?
Tataranni and Ortega
Diabetes 2005;54:917-927.
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