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Mortality at 1 Year With Combination Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition and Reduced-Dose Fibrinolytic Therapy vs Conventional Fibrinolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction
GUSTO V Randomized Trial
A. Michael Lincoff, MD;
Robert M. Califf, MD;
Frans Van de Werf, MD;
James T. Willerson, MD;
Harvey D. White, MD;
Paul W. Armstrong, MD;
Victor Guetta, MD;
W. Brian Gibler, MD;
Judith S. Hochman, MD;
Christoph Bode, MD;
Alec Vahanian, MD;
P. Gabriel Steg, MD;
Diego Ardissino, MD;
Stefano Savonitto, MD;
Frits Bar, MD;
Zygmunt Sadowski, MD;
Amadeo Betriu, MD;
Joan E. Booth, RN;
Kathy Wolski, MS;
Michael Waller, MD;
Eric J. Topol, MD;
for the GUSTO V Investigators
JAMA. 2002;288:2130-2135.
ABSTRACT
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Context Among patients with acute myocardial infarction, combination reperfusion therapy with a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor (abciximab) and a half dose of a plasminogen activator (reteplase) did not significantly reduce mortality at 30 days compared with a full dose of reteplase. Rates of nonfatal ischemic complications were significantly diminished.
Objective To determine if the beneficial effects of abciximab and reteplase (combination therapy) on early nonfatal complications would translate into a reduction in the risk of death by 1 year.
Design, Setting, and Patients One-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial (Global Use of Strategies To Open Coronary Arteries [GUSTO] V). Of 16 588 patients who had been treated in 820 community and referral hospitals in 20 countries between July 1999 and February 2001, mortality data were available for 16 453 (99.2%).
Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to receive (intravenously) a standard dose of reteplase (two 10-U boluses, 30 minutes apart) or the combination of a standard dose of abciximab (0.25 mg/kg bolus, 0.125 µg/kg per minute infusion [maximum 10 µg/min for 12 hours]) and a half dose of reteplase (two 5-U boluses, 30 minutes apart).
Main Outcome Measure One-year all-cause mortality rates.
Results All-cause mortality at 1 year occurred in 692 (8.38%) of 8260 patients in the reteplase group and 698 (8.38%) of the 8328 patients in the combination therapy group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-1.11; P>.99). Reinfarction within the first 7 days occurred in 3.5% of patients in the reteplase group and 2.3% of patients in the combination therapy group, and was significantly associated with 1-year mortality (22.6% in patients with reinfarction vs 8.0% in patients without reinfarction; HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.53-3.75; P<.001). However, treatment assignment did not significantly influence time of mortality regardless of reinfarction status.
Conclusion Combination therapy (abciximab and reteplase) did not reduce mortality over 1 year compared with fibrinolytic therapy with reteplase alone.
INTRODUCTION
Myocardial reperfusion remains the foundation of early management of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Although demonstrated to improve survival in this setting,1-2 contemporary pharmacologic reperfusion therapies appear to have reached a plateau in mortality reduction.3-4 Interest has turned to the development of adjunctive strategies that may enhance the effectiveness of fibrinolytic agents. Pilot angiographic studies among patients with acute MI indicated that potent inhibition of platelet aggregation with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists in combination with reduced doses of fibrinolytic agents may increase rates of epicardial infarct vessel patency and improve the quality of microvascular tissue reperfusion relative to conventional plasminogen activator therapy.5-7
The Global Use of Strategies To Open Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) V trial evaluated the efficacy of abciximab and a half dose of reteplase (combination therapy) compared with a full dose of reteplase during acute MI.8 Among 16 588 enrolled patients, combination therapy did not result in a significant incremental reduction in the primary end point of mortality at 30 days: 5.9% for reteplase alone vs 5.6% for abciximab and reteplase (P = .43). However, the combination regimen was associated with less frequent need for percutaneous coronary revascularization during the first 6 hours (8.6% for reteplase alone vs 5.6% for abciximab and reteplase; P<.001), as well as lower rates of nonfatal reinfarction (3.5% vs 2.3%, respectively; P<.001), recurrent ischemia, and clinically important arrhythmias during hospitalization. The analysis described in this article was performed to determine if the early beneficial effects of abciximab and reteplase would translate into a significant reduction in the risk of death during 1-year follow-up.
METHODS
Patients
The design, methods, and primary results of the GUSTO V trial have been described.8 Briefly, 16 588 patients were enrolled at 820 hospitals in 20 countries between July 1999 and February 2001. Inclusion criteria were continuous symptoms of chest discomfort for at least 30 minutes, but for less than 6 hours before randomization, associated with electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation or new left bundle-branch block. Patients for whom immediate catheter-based reperfusion was planned were excluded from enrollment. Other exclusion criteria included age younger than 18 years; active bleeding or known hemorrhagic diathesis; systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 110 mm Hg; stroke within the previous 2 years or hemorrhagic stroke at any time; structural central nervous system abnormality; major surgery or trauma within the prior 6 weeks; ongoing warfarin therapy; noncompressible vessel puncture within the prior 24 hours; use of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during the previous 7 days; or documented thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 000/µL). The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each clinical site, and all patients provided written informed consent for participation in the trial and 1-year follow-up.
Study Protocol
Patients were randomized by central telephone hotline in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenously either a standard dose of reteplase (two 10-U boluses, 30 minutes apart) or the combination of a standard dose of abciximab (0.25 mg/kg bolus, 0.125 µg/kg per minute infusion [maximum 10 µg/min] for 12 hours) and a half dose of reteplase (two 5-U boluses, 30 minutes apart). Adaptive randomization was used to maintain an allocation ratio of 1:1 within each site. Study drug kits were not distinguishable before opening, but reteplase and abciximab were administered in an open-label manner.
All patients were treated with aspirin at the time of randomization and daily thereafter for the remainder of the study period. Intravenous unfractionated heparin was given according to a nomogram to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time between 50 and 70 seconds for 24 hours; initial doses were a 5000-U bolus followed by a 1000 U/h (or 800 U/h for body weight <80 kg) infusion in the reteplase monotherapy group and a 60 U/kg (maximum 5000 U) bolus followed by 7 U/kg per hour infusion in the abciximab and reteplase (combination therapy) group. Coronary angiography and revascularization could be performed if indicated by the patient's clinical course. All other medical therapies were left to the discretion of the treating physician.
The primary efficacy end point was all-cause mortality by 30 days after randomization. Other early end points included the incidence of myocardial reinfarction, as evidenced by new electrocardiographic changes or elevation in cardiac enzyme levels with recurrent chest pain, during the hospitalization or within 7 days (whichever came first). Mortality at 1 year was a prospectively defined secondary analysis.
Statistical Analysis
The protocol required that patients be contacted by the study sites via telephone or written questionnaire at or after 365 days postrandomization for assessment of vital status. For analysis purposes, confirmed vital status information on or after day 335 postrandomization was accepted. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate event rates and treatment groups were compared using the log-rank statistic. Treatment effects in subgroups are displayed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated using univariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle using SAS statistical software (Version 8; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and P<.05 was the level of significance.
RESULTS
The 1-year follow-up database was finalized on April 23, 2002. Mortality status at or beyond 335 days after randomization was available for 8196 (99.2%) of 8260 patients in the reteplase group and for 8257 (99.1%) of 8328 patients in the abciximab and reteplase group (Figure 1). Baseline characteristics were balanced and did not differ between the 2 treatment groups (Table 1). The patients' mean (SD) age was 61.3 (12.1) years. Twenty-five percent of the patients were women and 16% had diabetes mellitus. The mean (SD) time from onset of symptoms to randomization was 2.7 (2.0) hours. Thirty-seven percent of MIs were anterior in location and 98% of patients were classified as Killip class I or II. Aspirin had been administered before randomization to 71% of patients,  -adrenergic receptor blockers to 19%, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to 14%. Rates of revascularization by hospital discharge were significantly lower in the combination therapy group, due entirely to the reduced need for percutaneous intervention within the first 6 hours (8.6% for reteplase alone vs 5.6% for abciximab and reteplase; P<.001).
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Figure 1. Patients Through 1-Year Follow-up
Asterisk indicates patients did not receive treatment due to death, nonfulfillment of entry criteria, or protocol violations.
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Table. Baseline and Treatment Characteristics*
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All-cause mortality at 1 year occurred in 692 (8.38%) of 8260 patients in the reteplase group compared with 698 (8.38%) of 8328 patients in the abciximab and reteplase group (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.90-1.11; P>.99). The nonsignificant absolute mortality difference of 0.3% observed at 30 days in favor of combination therapy (5.9% for reteplase vs 5.6% for abciximab and reteplase) was maintained until approximately 90 days (6.9% for reteplase vs 6.6% for abciximab and reteplase), after which the mortality curves converged and remained superimposed beyond 180 days (Figure 2). One-year mortality rates at 30 days and 1 year in the prespecified subgroups are compared in Figure 3. Although trends had been observed at 30 days for a mortality advantage with abciximab and reteplase in patients aged 75 years or younger or those with anterior infarction, diabetes, or time to treatment of more than 4 hours, differences in outcome were less apparent in those subgroups by 1 year.
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Figure 2. Cumulative Incidence of 1-Year Mortality in Patients Randomized to Abciximab and Reteplase vs Reteplase
The overall hazard ratio is 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.11) and a P>.99.
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Figure 3. Mortality by Treatment Assignment at 30 Days and 1 Year
The size of the data markers is approximately proportional to the sample size of the subgroup. OR indicates odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The 30-day mortality data were reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science (Lancet. 2001;357:1905-1914).
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Reinfarction within 7 days of randomization had occurred in 285 patients (3.5%) in the reteplase group and 194 patients (2.3%) in the abciximab and reteplase group (P<.001). The rate of subsequent mortality by 1 year was significantly higher among patients who had experienced reinfarction (22.6%) than among those who did not (8.0%) (HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.53-3.75; P<.001). When only those deaths occurring after the 7-day period for assessment of the reinfarction end point were considered, the excess risk of 1-year mortality associated with reinfarction was even more marked (HR, 6.65; 95% CI, 5.43-8.16; P<.001). Treatment assignment (reteplase vs abciximab and reteplase) did not significantly influence time of mortality regardless of reinfarction status (reinfarction: 20.4% vs -25.8%; without reinfarction: 8.0% vs 8.0%, respectively).
COMMENT
The GUSTO V trial was the first large-scale study to test an alternative strategy for pharmacologic reperfusion during acute MI, in which a reduced-dose fibrinolytic agent was combined with a potent antithrombotic adjunct. Although a mortality advantage of abciximab and reteplase relative to reteplase alone had not been observed at 30 days, the combination regimen had been associated with a decreased incidence of reinfarction and other nonfatal complications.8 In this follow-up analysis of GUSTO V, mortality rates at 1 year were the same among patients treated with abciximab and reteplase compared with reteplase alone, demonstrating that the combination regimen does not lead to a superior long-term survival benefit despite the early protection it affords from ischemic events.
The efficacy of fibrinolytic therapy for acute MI remains limited by incomplete restoration of infarct vessel patency, persistent cyclical coronary flow, reocclusion, or impaired tissue level reperfusion in a substantial proportion of patients.9 Although bioengineered with improved fibrin specificity, circulating half-lives, or resistance to inhibitors, the "third generation" plasminogen activators have nonetheless failed to produce incremental clinical benefit in large-scale mortality trials.3-4 Moreover, pharmacologic reperfusion therapy continues to be associated with disturbingly high rates of intracranial hemorrhage and other bleeding complications. Alternatively, direct percutaneous coronary revascularization has been shown in randomized trials to reduce composite end points of death, reinfarction, or stroke compared with fibrinolysis.10-11 Mechanical reperfusion strategies are subject to limited availability, the requirement for institutional and operator expertise, and logistic barriers to mobilizing catheterization laboratory teams during nonworking hours.
The unequivocal efficacy of aspirin among patients with acute MI suggested that the clinical benefit derived from fibrinolytic therapy might be improved by adjunctive use of more potent platelet inhibitors. In small pilot trials, administration of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist during thrombolysis appeared to increase the speed and completeness of infarct vessel recanalization and reduce reocclusion.12-14 Concerns regarding the potential for bleeding with the combination of a potent platelet inhibitor and a full-dose thrombolytic agent motivated the current investigation of low-dose fibrinolytic regimens with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade. Phase 2 studies provided preliminary evidence that doses of reteplase or alteplase could be reduced by half when abciximab was also given, providing not only better infarct vessel patency relative to conventional fibrinolytic therapy, but also more complete resolution of electrocardiographic ST-segment elevations.5-7 It was perhaps somewhat surprising, then, that when tested in the large-scale GUSTO V mortality trial, this reperfusion strategy resulted in only a nonsignificant 0.3% decrease in the rate of death by 30 days relative to conventional reteplase monotherapy.8 More encouraging, however, was the finding of an apparent improved stability of reperfusion with combination therapy, as evidenced by significant reductions in rates of reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, and early urgent revascularization procedures. The subsequent Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT) 3 trial confirmed this observation, wherein the combination of abciximab and half dose of tenecteplase was associated with 37% to 51% relative reductions in the risks of reinfarction, refractory ischemia, or urgent percutaneous revascularization compared with tenecteplase alone.15
Given that nonfatal ischemic complications, particularly reinfarction, have been associated with increased long-term mortality following acute MI,16 it was anticipated that the early beneficial effects of abciximab and reteplase in GUSTO V might translate to a significant reduction in the risk of death over extended follow-up. The 1-year analysis of GUSTO V failed to confirm this hypothesis. Rates of mortality were identical in the 2 treatment groups at 1 year, with superimposition of the time-to-event curves after the first 6 months.
Reasons for the lack of a survival benefit with combination therapy in GUSTO V despite apparent improvements in epicardial vessel recanalization and tissue level reperfusion in earlier trials remain unclear. It is possible that the 13% increase in infarct vessel patency observed in the angiographic pilot study with abciximab and reteplase compared with reteplase alone (55% vs 48%, respectively)6 was not of sufficient magnitude to produce an improvement in mortality. It may be relevant to note that the significant reduction in mortality obtained with alteplase vs streptokinase in the GUSTO I trial17 was accompanied by more than a 74% relative increase in the rate of 90-minute angiographic coronary patency (54% vs 31%, respectively; P<.001).18 The potential for modest improvements in angiographic end points to influence mortality may have been diminished in GUSTO V by the high use rates of other therapies (aspirin, -blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), which have been proven to enhance clinical outcome following MI. It is also unknown if and how the difference in use of early percutaneous interventions affected long-term survival. Moreover, baseline characteristics suggest that the population of patients enrolled in GUSTO V may have been at relatively low risk for mortality, further limiting the ability of the trial to discriminate a benefit of combination therapy. Finally, the extent to which any improvement in myocardial reperfusion can impact long-term survival is likely to remain suboptimal when delays of approximately 3 hours between the onset of symptoms and treatment have allowed substantial irreversible myocardial necrosis to occur.
Should this therapy have any role in the contemporary management of acute MI? Although a survival benefit cannot be expected, abciximab and reteplase combination therapy may be a useful reperfusion strategy because of its effect on nonfatal end points. Notably, the results of GUSTO V confirmed that in-hospital reinfarction has an unfavorable long-term prognosis, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in the risk of death by 1 year among patients who experienced reinfarction compared with those who did not. Data regarding cause of death were not collected within this trial format, and thus these findings do not elucidate the mechanisms of mortality risk associated with reinfarction. Previous analyses of smaller trials, however, have demonstrated that coronary reocclusion is associated with impaired recovery of global and infarct-zone regional left ventricular function,19 suggesting a potential hazard arising from pump dysfunction or arrhythmias.
It is nevertheless remarkable that even with contemporary medical therapies, nearly one quarter of patients who experience reinfarction can be expected to die within the following year. However, the absolute reduction of 1.2% in reinfarction rates observed with the combination therapy in this trial would be extrapolated to reduce mortality at 1 year by only approximately 0.18% (derived from the 14.6% absolute mortality reduction per patient with reinfarction), an effect that is too small to significantly influence overall 1-year mortality event rates. Nevertheless, prevention of reinfarction and other ischemic events may be a worthwhile objective for an individual patient and provides a rationale for considering combination therapy.
Potential benefits of the abciximab and reteplase combination therapy must be weighed against the near doubling of rates of nonintracranial bleeding observed in the primary analysis,8 especially since other combination fibrinolytic regimens under investigation may entail less hemorrhagic risk.15, 20 Preliminary analyses suggest that older patients are at particular risk for bleeding with abciximab and reteplase, although clinically important hemorrhage in younger patients appears to be infrequent with this regimen (unpublished data, 2002). Moreover, multivariate modeling has demonstrated an interaction between the risk of intracranial hemorrhage and age, whereby patients older than 75 years are at increased risk, while those younger than 55 years may have significant protection against intracranial bleeding with combination therapy relative to reteplase alone.21 Although a formal economic analysis of GUSTO V is under way, it is unlikely that drug acquisition costs will prove to be a crucial factor in choosing between combination and conventional fibrinolytic therapies. The cost of abciximab is largely offset by the savings using a half dose of the thrombolytic agent reteplase.
The potential for combination therapy to unite the current dichotomy between mechanical and pharmacologic means of reperfusion for acute MI remains. Complementarity is suggested by the favorable trial experience with abciximab during primary percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute MI.22-24 The rationale for pretreatment with the combination of abciximab and reteplase in patients undergoing primary intervention would be to restore epicardial vessel patency and microvascular reperfusion during the time delay inherent in mobilizing the cardiac catheterization laboratory. GUSTO V did not test such an approach because early percutaneous revascularization was reserved for clinical indications of failed reperfusion and was not used routinely. Trials are currently under way to specifically evaluate this concept of "facilitated" percutaneous coronary intervention.
In conclusion, the 30-day and 1-year results of the GUSTO V trial together validate the regimen of abciximab with a half dose of reteplase as the first alternative reperfusion strategy that is at least as effective as traditional fibrinolysis for acute MI. Although the combination of this glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist with a reduced-dose fibrinolytic is neither superior nor inferior to reteplase monotherapy with regard to short-term or long-term mortality, it represents an incremental therapeutic advance with regard to nonfatal outcomes. Selection of combination therapy for clinical use must be based on the perceived balance of benefit from reduced nonfatal ischemic complications vs risk of increased bleeding in individual patients.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Author Contributions: Dr Lincoff, as principal investigator of the GUSTO V study, had full access to all of the data in this study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Lincoff, Califf, Van de Werf, Willerson, White, Armstrong, Hochman, Bode, Savonitto, Bar, Booth, Waller, Topol.
Acquisition of data: Lincoff, Van de Werf, Willerson, Armstrong, Guetta, Bode, Vahanian, Steg, Ardissino, Savonitto, Bar, Sadowski, Betriu, Booth, Waller.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Lincoff, Califf, Willerson, White, Armstrong, Gibler, Hochman, Steg, Savonitto, Sadowski, Wolski, Waller.
Drafting of the manuscript: Lincoff, Armstrong, Booth, Wolski.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Lincoff, Califf, Van de Werf, White, Guetta, Gibler, Hochman, Bode, Vahanian, Savonitto, Steg, Ardissino, Bar, Sadowski, Betriu, Waller, Topol.
Statistical expertise: Wolski.
Obtained funding: Willerson, Booth, Waller, Topol.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Lincoff, Van de Werf, Armstrong, Guetta, Gibler, Hochman, Bode, Booth, Waller.
Study supervision: Lincoff, Califf, Van de Werf, Armstrong, Steg, Savonitto, Sadowski, Booth, Waller, Topol.
Financial Disclosures: Dr Lincoff has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly and Centocor. Dr Califf has a research contract with Eli Lilly and Centocor. Dr Steg has served as a consultant and speaker for Centocor and Eli Lilly. Dr Waller is an employee and owns stock and stock options in Centocor.
Funding/Support: The GUSTO V trial was funded by grants from Centocor (Malvern, Pa) and Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, Ind).
Acknowledgment: We acknowledge the contributions of Philip R. Reid, MD, and Lois Kukulewicz of Eli Lilly; and Judith Cooper, PhD, Lakshmi Damaraju, PhD, and Adinda van de Kerkhove-Kleinlugtebeld of Centocor for the conduct or 1-year analysis of the GUSTO V trial.
Gusto V Trial: Executive Committee: E. J. Topol (study chairman), R. M. Califf, F. Van de Werf, H. D. White, and J. T. Willerson.
Steering Committee: United States: E. J. Topol, A. M. Lincoff, R. M. Califf, E. M. Ohman, E. Bates, W. B. Gibler, J. Hochman, N. Kleiman, J. T. Willerson; Argentina: L. Grinfeld; Australia: P. Aylward; Belgium: F. Van de Werf; Canada: P. W. Armstrong; Finland: J. Heikkila; France: A. Vahanian, G. Steg; Germany: C. Bode; Ireland: A. A. J. Adgy; Israel: V. Guetta; Italy: D. Ardissino, S. Savonitto; the Netherlands: F. Bar, M. Simoons; Finland: F. Kontny; New Zealand: H. White; Poland: Z. Sadowski; Portugal: R. Seabra-Gomes; South Africa: A. Dalby; Spain: A. Betriu; Sweden: E. Swahn; United Kingdom: R. Wilcox.
Corresponding Author and Reprints: A. Michael Lincoff, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 (e-mail: lincofa{at}ccf.org).
Author Affiliations: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Lincoff and Topol and Mss Booth and Wolski); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (Dr Califf); University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (Dr Van de Werf); Houston Medical Center, Houston, Tex (Dr Willerson); Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (Dr White); University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (Dr Armstrong); Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (Dr Guetta); University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Gibler); St Luke's Hospital, New York, NY (Dr Hochman); Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Freiburg, Germany (Dr Bode); Hopital Tenon, Paris, France (Dr Vahanian); Hopital Bichat, Paris, France (Dr Steg); Azienda Ospedaliera Di Parma, Parma, Italy (Dr Ardissino); Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy (Dr Savonitto); Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (Dr Bar); National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (Dr Sadowski); University of Barcelona Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Betriu); and Centocor Inc, Malvern, Pa (Dr Waller). A complete list of the investigators and participating centers was published previously (Lancet. 2001;357:1905-1914).
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Antiplatelet Drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)
Patrono et al.
Chest 2008;133:199S-233S.
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Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)
Goodman et al.
Chest 2008;133:708S-775S.
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Facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention: current concepts, promises, and pitfalls
Kiernan et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:1545-1553.
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Variations in the use of emergency PCI for the treatment of re-infarction following intravenous fibrinolytic therapy: impact on outcomes in HERO-2
Edmond et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:1418-1424.
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Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists.
Adams et al.
Circulation 2007;115:e478-e534.
ABSTRACT
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Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists
Adams et al.
Stroke 2007;38:1655-1711.
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Smoking behaviour in European patients with established coronary heart disease
Scholte op Reimer et al.
Eur Heart J 2006;27:35-41.
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Part 5: Acute Coronary Syndromes
Circulation 2005;112:III-55-III-72.
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Abciximab in the Treatment of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction--Reply
De Luca and Suryapranata
JAMA 2005;294:1761-1761.
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Abciximab as Adjunctive Therapy to Reperfusion in Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials
De Luca et al.
JAMA 2005;293:1759-1765.
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Mortality rates in patients with ST-elevation vs. non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected cohort
Terkelsen et al.
Eur Heart J 2005;26:18-26.
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Platelet-Active Drugs: The Relationships Among Dose, Effectiveness, and Side Effects: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
Patrono et al.
Chest 2004;126:234S-264S.
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Thrombolysis and Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
Menon et al.
Chest 2004;126:549S-575S.
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ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-Elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction)
Writing Committee Members et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:671-719.
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ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction)
Antman et al.
Circulation 2004;110:588-636.
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Combining glycoprotein blockers with fibrinolysis: a bold stroke?
Verheugt
Eur Heart J 2003;24:1801-1803.
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in the setting of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Eisenberg and Jamal
J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1-6.
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitors in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Crouch et al.
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2003;37:860-875.
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Integrin {alpha}IIb{beta}3 and Its Antagonism
Quinn et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2003;23:945-952.
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JournalScan
Wyatt and Gilby
Emerg. Med. J. 2003;20:268-269.
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Bivalirudin and Provisional Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Blockade Compared With Heparin and Planned Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Blockade During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: REPLACE-2 Randomized Trial
Lincoff et al.
JAMA 2003;289:853-863.
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JournalScan
Malik
Heart 2003;89:239-240.
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Reteplase plus Abciximab vs. Reteplase Alone in STEMI: 1-Year Data from GUSTO-V
Journal Watch Cardiology 2002;2002:1-1.
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Authorship for Research Groups
Flanagin et al.
JAMA 2002;288:3166-3168.
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