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Colorectal Cancer Test Use Among Persons Aged  50 Years—United States, 2001
JAMA. 2003;289:2492-2493.
MMWR. 2003;52:193-196
1 table, 2 figures omitted
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States.1 The lifetime risk for having colorectal cancer diagnosed is 6%.2 Screening measures decrease the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer by detecting early disease and removing precancerous lesions.3 The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine cancer screening for U.S. adults aged  50 years with one or a combination of the following screening options: annual home fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, colonoscopy every 10 years, or double contrast barium enema every 5 years.3 To estimate rates and evaluate trends for colorectal cancer test use among U.S. adults aged 50 years, CDC analyzed data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) on the use of FOBT and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy and compared the data for 2001 with those for 1997 and 1999. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that despite small increases in the self-reported use of colorectal cancer tests, screening rates remain low. Efforts to increase awareness and encourage regular colorectal cancer screening should continue.
BRFSS is a state-based, random-digit–dialed telephone survey of the civilian, U.S. noninstitutionalized population aged 18 years. In 2001, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam participated in BRFSS. Respondents aged 50 years, the age group for which colorectal cancer screening is recommended, were asked whether they ever had used "a special kit at home to determine whether the stool contains blood" (FOBT), whether they ever had "a tube inserted through the rectum to view the bowel for signs of cancer or other health problems" (sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy), and when these tests were last performed. For this report, both sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are described as "lower endoscopy."
Previous reports have examined lower endoscopic surveillance within 5 years as a measure of compliance with screening guidelines.4 Because BRFSS could not differentiate between sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, for this survey, the surveillance period was 10 years to include those undergoing colonoscopy. Any respondents reporting lower endoscopy within 10 years were considered to have been screened within the recommended period. Percentages were estimated for persons aged 50 years who had reported FOBT ever and within the 12 months preceding the survey, lower endoscopy ever and within 5 and 10 years preceding the survey, and FOBT within 12 months and/or lower endoscopy within 10 years preceding the survey.
For the 2001 BRFSS, the median state response rate was 51.1% (range: 33.3%-81.5%) using the CASRO method.5 A total of 87,729 persons aged 50 years responded. Responses coded as "don't know/unsure" or "refused" were excluded from analysis (3%-4%). Proportions, standard errors, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using SAS v8 and SUDAAN. Data were weighted to the age, sex, and race/ethnicity distribution of the adult population in each state by using intercensal estimates and age standardized to the 2001 BRFSS population. Estimates for the percentage of adults aged 50 years who self-reported receiving either FOBT within 12 months or lower endoscopy within 5 years (1997 and 1999 surveys did not include responses within 10 years) were compared for 1997, 1999, and 2001.
In 2001, an estimated 44.6% of adults aged 50 years had ever had FOBT, and 47.3% had ever had a lower endoscopy. An estimated 23.5% had FOBT within 12 months; 43.4% had lower endoscopy within 10 years; 53.1% had one or both tests within the periods described. By state, the estimates for FOBT within 12 months ranged from 6.8% in Alabama to 34.5% in Maine; for lower endoscopy within 10 years, estimates ranged from 28.4% in the Virgin Islands to 58.5% in Minnesota. The estimates for reporting either FOBT within 12 months and/or lower endoscopy within 10 years varied by state from 42.2% in Oklahoma to 65.3% in the District of Columbia.
The percentage of persons aged 50 years who had received FOBT within 12 months was 19.4% in 1997, 20.4% in 1999, and 23.5% in 2001. For lower endoscopy within 5 years, the proportions were 29.9%, 33.3%, and 38.7%, respectively.
Reported by:
L Seeff, MD, M Nadel, PhD, D Blackman, PhD, Div of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; LA Pollack, MD, EIS Officer, CDC.
CDC Editorial Note:
The findings in this report indicate that colorectal cancer test use among U.S. adults remains low. Approximately half of U.S. adults aged 50 years have not received the recommended screening.
The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, the percentages reported overestimate colorectal cancer screening rates because (1) BRFSS could not differentiate test use specifically for screening from tests performed for diagnostic purposes and (2) persons who received sigmoidoscopy outside the recommended 5-year screening interval, but within 10 years, were considered compliant with screening guidelines. As a result, colorectal cancer screening rates are probably lower than the estimates in this report. Second, BRFSS excludes residents of institutions and persons who do not own telephones. Third, estimates from BRFSS were based on self-reports and were not validated; however, previous studies document moderate-to-good concordance between the self-reporting of colorectal cancer tests and medical records.6-7 Fourth, the response rate of 51.1% is low and has been low in previous years (62.1% in 1997 and 55.2% in 1999).5 Health-care–seeking behaviors might differ among respondents and nonrespondents. Finally, data on the use of barium enema, another option for colorectal cancer screening, were not provided in BRFSS. However, barium enema is recommended less often than FOBT or sigmoidoscopy.8
Colorectal cancer test screening rates are much lower than breast and cervical cancer test screening rates (mammography and Papanicolaou smear, respectively).9 This shortfall warrants increased public and health-care provider awareness and supportive health-care systems that emphasize and ensure accessibility to colorectal cancer screening. In July 2001, Medicare reimbursement was approved for colonoscopy screening for persons with average risk for colorectal cancer; this measure might increase future screening rates.
To promote colorectal cancer screening, CDC will launch its annual "Screen for Life: A National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign" (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/screenforlife), which encourages persons aged 50 years to discuss screening for colorectal cancer with their doctor and to select appropriate test(s). For health-care providers, CDC also has produced an education program, "A Call to Action: Prevention and Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer" (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorctl/calltoaction). In addition, CDC has supported a measure of colorectal cancer screening for the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS), a set of standardized performance measures that permits comparison of managed care organizations. The measure has been approved provisionally for inclusion in HEDIS in 2004. To address issues related to mass screening, CDC's Survey of Endoscopy Capacity will examine the national distribution of lower endoscopes and trained health-care providers.
Acknowledgment
This report is based on data contributed by state BRFSS coordinators.
REFERENCES
1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures, 2003. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society, 2003; publication no. 5008.03.
2. Ries LAG, ed, Eisner MP, ed, Kosary CL, ed, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1999. Bethesda, Maryland: National Cancer Institute, 2002. Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999.
3. Pignone M, Rich M, Teutsch S, Berg AO, Lohr KN. Screening for colorectal cancer in adults at average risk: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:132-41.
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4. CDC. Trends in screening for colorectal cancer—United States, 1997 and 1999. MMWR. 2001;50:162-6.
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5. CDC. 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System summary data quality report. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2001.
6. Mandelson MT, LaCroix AZ, Anderson LA, Nadel MR, Lee NC. Comparison of self-reported fecal occult blood testing with automated laboratory records among older women in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:617-21.
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7. Baier M, Calonge N, Cutter G, et al. Validity of self-reported colorectal cancer screening behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:229-32.
8. Klabunde C, Frame P, Meadow A, Jones E, Nadel M. A national survey of primary care physicians' colorectal cancer screening recommendations and practices. Prev Med. 2003;36:352-362.
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9. Seeff L, Shapiro J, Nadel M. Are we doing enough to screen for colorectal cancer? Findings from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. J Fam Prac. 2002;51:761-6.
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