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Focal and Generalized Folliculitis Following Smallpox Vaccination Among Vaccinia-Naive Recipients
Thomas R. Talbot, MD, MPH;
H. Keipp Bredenberg, MD;
Michael Smith, MD;
Bonnie J. LaFleur, PhD;
Alan Boyd, MD;
Kathryn M. Edwards, MD
JAMA. 2003;289:3290-3294.
ABSTRACT
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Context With the reintroduction of smallpox vaccination, detailed contemporary descriptions of adverse reactions to the vaccine are needed to adequately inform the public and clinicians. During a multicenter, randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of various dilutions of smallpox vaccine, we observed the appearance of a papulovesicular eruption (focal and generalized) in study volunteers.
Objective To characterize the papulovesicular eruptions by clinical, virologic, and histopathological characteristics.
Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective case series of papulovesicular eruptions following smallpox vaccination in healthy, vaccinia-naive adult participants compared with noncases conducted from October 2002 to March 2003. Variables potentially related to these eruptions were collected retrospectively through chart review. Eruptions were described based on viral culture, clinical examination, and histopathological evaluation (1 biopsy specimen from 1 case).
Main Outcome Measure Cases of papulovesicular eruptions following vaccination.
Results During the trial, of 148 volunteers (56% women; mean age 23.6 years), 4 participants (2.7%) developed generalized eruptions and 11 (7.4%) noted focal eruptions. Viral cultures of sample lesions were negative for vaccinia. The result of a skin biopsy sample from 1 case of generalized rash revealed suppurative folliculitis without evidence of viral infection. All lesions resolved without scarring. In the cohort, cases and noncases did not show significant differences in terms of sex, in the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral or depo contraceptives, in medication allergies, in the incidence of fever or lymphadenopathy after vaccination, or in the dilution of vaccine received.
Conclusions Folliculitis is a common and benign eruption observed in vaccinia-naive adult volunteers following smallpox vaccination. This eruption may be seen in volunteers receiving the vaccine in the newly instituted vaccination programs and may be met with heightened anxiety, potentially being confused with generalized vaccinia. This description of folliculitis using clinical, virologic, and histopathological findings should allay these concerns and provide additional insight into this eruption.
INTRODUCTION
Adverse dermatologic reactions after smallpox vaccine administration, including eczema vaccinatum and progressive vaccinia, were well described when smallpox vaccination was routine practice.1 While these reactions were rare, they were associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Other less severe dermatologic reactions to smallpox vaccine also were reported, including generalized vaccinia2 and erythema multiforme.3
During a clinical trial investigating the efficacy and safety of vaccinia immunization in healthy, vaccinia-naive adult volunteers, (ie, those not previously vaccinated) we observed a papulovesicular eruption following vaccination in several volunteers that mirrored generalized vaccinia on initial inspection. While cases were initially identified as generalized rashes, with a heightened awareness to this eruption, cases of focal variants were noted as the trial progressed. To further define the focal eruption to and contrast it with generalized vaccinia, we reviewed the cases in our cohort and outlined the clinical, virologic, and histopathological characteristics of this eruption.
METHODS
Study Participants
After providing written informed consent, healthy, vaccinia-naive adult participants aged 18 years to 32 years were enrolled in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial that was investigating the safety and efficacy of 3 dilutions of smallpox vaccine (Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine, Swiftwater, Pa). Exclusion criteria for eligibility to participate in this clinical trial and to receive smallpox vaccine are noted in the Box. Approval for the trial was granted by the Vanderbilt University institutional review board.
| Box. Exclusion Criteria for Eligibility to Participate in the Vaccine Dilution Trial and Receive Smallpox Vaccination
History of autoimmune disease
Use of immunosuppressive medications
History of human immunodeficiency virus infection
History of solid organ or bone marrow transplantation
History of malignancy
History of or current illegal injection drug use
Eczema (active or quiescent)
Current exfoliative skin disorders
Presence of a typical vaccinia scar or history of smallpox vaccination
Prior vaccination with any vaccinia-vectored or other pox-vectored experimental vaccine
Presence of medical or psychiatric conditions or occupational responsibilities that precluded subject compliance with the protocol
Acute febrile illness (≥100.5°F [38°C]) on the day of vaccination
Allergies to components of the vaccine
Pregnant or lactating women
Household or sexual contacts having any of the following conditions: history of or concurrent eczema, a history of exfoliative skin disorders, a history of the immunosuppressive conditions noted above, ongoing pregnancy, or children younger than 12 months of age
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Vaccination Methods and Follow-up
Eligible participants were randomized to receive 1 of 3 dilutions of the vaccine (undiluted, n = 49; 1:5, n = 48; and 1:10, n = 51 dilutions). Randomization was performed using an Internet-based program with fixed blocks of 6 assignments per block. Vaccine dilutions were performed by the study pharmacist, and vaccine doses were delivered to the study clinic in vials labeled with a dilution group number (G1, G2, or G3). Both volunteers and study personnel were blinded during the course of the study to the specific vaccine dilution associated with each group number.
The frozen vaccine was reconstituted with diluent-containing glycerin, phenol, and sterile water. The vaccine was administered to the deltoid region via scarification by 15 punctures with a bifurcated needle, and the site was covered with occlusive dressings, as described previously.4 Volunteers were examined every 3 to 5 days for scheduled dressing changes, assessment of response to the vaccine, and evaluation of adverse events. Volunteers were counseled on routine self-assessment for new dermatologic lesions. Baseline dermatologic examinations were performed at initial screening, but subsequent examinations occurred only after volunteer report of a cutaneous eruption. Bandages were changed until the site was deemed well-scabbed by study investigators, usually several weeks after vaccination.
Culture Collection and Methods
Specimens from eruptions were cultured for vaccinia virus using methods described previously.5 Briefly, specimens were placed into viral transport media and frozen at -70°C for batch processing. After thawing, 0.2 mL of each specimen was inoculated onto BSC-40 cells and incubated at 37°C. Uninfected BSC-40 cells were used as controls. The presence of the distinctive cytopathic effect of vaccinia6 were assessed every 48 to 72 hours for 10 days. Specimens considered positive for vaccinia were those that developed cytopathic effect, while those without cytopathic effect at 10 days were considered negative for vaccinia. Polymerase chain reaction for vaccinia virus was not available for confirmation of culture data.
Case Ascertainment
Cases were prospectively defined as volunteers who developed a focal or generalized papulovesicular rash distant from the vaccination site during the month following vaccination. Noncases did not develop these findings.
Risk Factor Assessment and Analysis
Variables potentially related to a focal or generalized papulovesicular rash were collected retrospectively for both cases and noncases via chart review and included concurrent medications (oral or depo contraceptives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications), medication allergies, the presence of fever or lymphadenopathy after vaccination (surrogate markers of systemic and local immune response), and vaccine dilution group number. Continuous variables were compared between cases and noncases using the Fisher exact test; age was compared using the Student t test with unequal variances.
The statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 7.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, Tex).
RESULTS
At the Vanderbilt site, 148 volunteers underwent smallpox vaccination. The mean age of the cohort was 23.6 years; 56% of the group were women. All participants completed follow-up. Four participants (2.7%) developed a generalized papulovesicular reaction following vaccination with onset between 9 and 11 days postvaccination. The eruption was observed on several body sites, including the face, torso, and extremities. The lesions began as follicular erythematous papules that progressed into pustules, which eventually resolved without scarring. Concurrent lesions were at different stages of development. All 4 participants were afebrile at the time of the eruption.
In an additional 11 participants (7.4%), focal eruptions that were morphologically similar to the generalized lesions were noted. These eruptions occurred on various body sites away from the primary vaccination site, including the face, neck, back, and extremities. Ten of these cases were afebrile throughout the postvaccination course. One individual developed fever on day 6 postvaccination, 2 days before rash onset. All rashes resolved without scarring.
Report of a Case
A 20-year-old man presented 10 days after vaccination with a 2-day history of "worsening acne" and "ingrown hairs" on his leg. He noted an acneiform rash along his beard line as well as several nontender, nonpruritic papules on his legs. He denied fevers, chills, or other systemic symptoms. He denied use of any new medications except ibuprofen and naproxen taken after vaccination. He was afebrile (98.6°F [37°C]) and did not appear ill. His mucous membranes were without abnormalities. His vaccination site measured 17mm in diameter with 135 mm of surrounding skin showing erythema and associated induration. Dermatologic examination revealed numerous follicular papules, macules, and pustules in different stages of development on his chest, back, legs, face, and right axilla (Figure 1). The result of viral culture of 1 sample lesion was negative for vaccinia. Histopathological findings of a skin biopsy sample taken from a lesion on the back revealed a suppurative folliculitis with a neutrophil-predominant infiltrate involving pilosebaceous structures (Figure 2). The result of Gomori-Methenamine silver stain was negative for fungi. Histopathological changes associated with viral infection (Guarnieri inclusion bodies, ballooning keratinocyte degeneration, giant cells, dyskeratotic keratinocytes, ulceration, and dermal edema) were absent. Treatment was given to ameliorate any symptoms (eg, pain, itching), and the eruptions resolved during the next week without scarring.
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Figure 1. Examples of Acneiform Eruption From Reported Case of Generalized Rash
A, Lesions along beard line. B, Follicular lesion on left thigh.
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Figure 2. Histopathological Sections of a Skin Biopsy Sample of a Lesion Taken From the Back of Reported Case With Generalized Rash
A, Within the dermis is an inflammatory infiltrate intimately involving a pilosebaceous structure. Note the sparing of the epidermis and adjacent dermis (original magnification x40, hematoxylin-eosin stain). B, Enlargement of boxed area from panel A showing inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and neutrophils surrounding a sebaceous gland (original magnification x100, hematoxylin-eosin stain).
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Culture Analysis
Vaccinia virus was not isolated from any of the 17 lesion samples from 7 of the volunteers available for culture (4 cases with generalized rash and 3 cases with focal rash).
Risk-Factor Analysis
Cases and noncases were not significantly different in terms of their sex, in the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or oral or depo contraceptives, in medication allergies, in vaccine dilution group, and in incidence of fever or lymphadenopathy. Cases were significantly younger than noncases (mean age 22.2 years vs 23.7 years, P = .03).
COMMENT
Serious cutaneous adverse reactions after smallpox vaccination have been described1 and, while rare, are associated with significant morbidity and some mortality. Vaccinia necrosum, usually seen in patients who have immunodeficiencies, begins as a necrotic lesion that relentlessly progresses to systemic infection and death. Eczema vaccinatum occurs in individuals with eczema (active or quiescent) and may lead to disseminated disease with extensive scarring and, rarely, death. Other less-severe, self-limited cutaneous reactions due to smallpox vaccination also have been described, including an erythematous urticarial reaction in primary vaccinees,7 mild forms of erythema multiforme,3 and generalized vaccinia, which appears 6 to 9 days after vaccination and has lesions similar in appearance to those at the vaccination site.2
We describe folliculitis following smallpox vaccination, another eruption that should be added to this list of cutaneous complications. While benign in our cohort, this eruption may be initially confused with generalized vaccinia, because of morphological characteristics of the lesions and the generalized distribution in some cases. Folliculitis following smallpox vaccination appears distinct from earlier descriptions of generalized vaccinia. The lesions of folliculitis exhibit neutrophil-predominant follicular inflammation without histopathological evidence of viral infection, develop in different stages (unlike generalized vaccinia), and do not scar after healing (Table 1). Mild forms of generalized vaccinia1-2 have been previously described and may represent the folliculitis observed in our study, although the vaccine type administered in these cases may have differed from the vaccine used in our study (Aventis Pasteur smallpox vaccine).
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Table. Comparison of Classic Generalized Vaccinia and Folliculitis Following Smallpox Vaccination
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In this study, most cases of folliculitis following smallpox vaccination occurred at the time of maximal viral replication and local inflammatory symptoms, suggesting that the pathophysiology of this eruption may be explained by the host response to vaccination and its accompanying inflammatory reaction. Similar eruptions related to drug- and viral exposures have been reported. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, a generalized pustular rash associated with fever and histopathological results showing leukocytosis and suppurative dermal pustules, has been associated with drug and viral-induced T-cell activation and an increase in IL-8 production.14-15 Our study cohort comprised healthy adults who could be expected to mount a robust immune response to exposed antigens, and the substantial incidence of folliculitis seen in our study may reflect a vigorous immune response to the vaccine. In contrast to the children immunized with vaccinia virus when vaccination was routine practice, the primary vaccinees in the current study are older and may represent slightly different hosts. For example, prepubertal children have limited hair follicles, and this might account for the difference in rates of folliculitis in our cohort when compared with younger historical controls. While cases were significantly younger than the noncases in this study, the clinical significance of this finding is unclear given the limited age range in our population.
The local inflammation around the sebaceous glands seen with folliculitis following smallpox vaccination is curious. Targeting of the sebaceous glands was described in natural smallpox disease with deep glandular involvement leading to scarring.8 With smallpox, scarring was much more common on the face, which has a greater distribution of sebaceous glands compared with other body parts.8 Although vaccinia virus was not isolated from eruptions in our study, it is interesting to speculate whether the tropism of vaccinia virus for glandular tissue may relate to the pathogenesis of this folliculitis.
Our characterization of folliculitis following smallpox vaccination has limitations. Our study population consisted of young adults who could be expected to have nonspecific dermatologic eruptions, such as acne. Although this could lead to an overemphasis of routine eruptions, the cases were noted to have follicular eruptions unlike any prior rashes, especially in severity and distribution. A further limitation is that only 1 participant underwent biopsy of the eruption. However, given the similar clinical picture in other cases of follicular eruptions, they likely reflect the same process. While we did not have the results of polymerase chain reaction to confirm our negative viral culture results, culture data has been used as the criterion standard for vaccinia in the past.5 We also have assumed that the focal eruptions represent the same clinical and pathological process as the generalized reaction. However, even if the local reactions are excluded, 4 participants (2.7%) of the vaccinia-naive cohort developed generalized folliculitis following vaccination.
This high rate of presumed folliculitis after smallpox vaccine administration has clinical importance, especially in the setting of larger-scale vaccination. Early reports from the current military and civilian vaccination campaigns have separately highlighted individuals who developed a pustular rash approximately 10 days after vaccination that was classified as "generalized vaccinia."16-17 These eruptions also may represent folliculitis following smallpox vaccination. While these individuals received a different formulation of vaccinia (New York City Board of Health strain, Dryvax, Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, Pa) than that administered in our trial, it was derived from the same strain of vaccinia virus and might be expected to have similar adverse events. In addition, a recent clinical trial investigating the New York City Board of Health strain of smallpox vaccine noted the development of a papular rash that appears very similar to folliculitis following smallpox vaccination.18
While folliculitis following vaccination resolved fully in our volunteers, required no specific interventions, and showed no apparent residual sequelae, the concern caused by this eruption on the part of the participants and the clinicians was substantial. The potential for misinformation and concern about skin eruptions following smallpox vaccination are important issues. It is hoped that this report will help educate clinicians, reduce anxiety, and provide reassurance to the medical community.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
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Corresponding Author and Reprints: Thomas R. Talbot, MD, MPH, Department of Medicine, A-3310 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 (e-mail: tom.talbot{at}vanderbilt.edu).
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Talbot, Edwards.
Acquisition of data: Talbot, Bredenberg, Edwards.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Talbot, Smith, LaFleur, Boyd, Edwards.
Drafting of the manuscript: Talbot, LaFleur, Edwards.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Talbot, Bredenberg, Smith, LaFleur, Boyd, Edwards.
Statistical expertise: LaFleur
Obtained funding: Edwards.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Talbot, Boyd, Edwards.
Study supervision: Edwards.
Funding/Support: Funding for the primary vaccine study was provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DMID) (grant 02-054). Salary support for Dr Talbot was provided by a grant from the Emerging Infectious Diseases Cooperative Agreement.
Acknowledgment: We thank all of the members of the Vanderbilt Pediatric Clinical Research Office, the Vanderbilt General Clinical Research Center, members of the NIH Vaccine Trials and Evaluation group, and colleagues at the NIAID, particularly Steve Heyse, Walla Dempsey, Mamodikoe Makhene, and Holli Hamilton, for their support of and guidance with this project; Jennifer Doersam, Sharon Tollefson, and Peter Wright for their assistance with the virological cultures; and Katherine Hamilton for her assistance with photography.
Author Affiliations: Departments of Medicine (Drs Talbot, Bredenberg, Smith, and Boyd), Pediatrics (Drs Smith and Edwards), Preventive Medicine (LaFleur), and Pathology (Dr Boyd), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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