 |
|
Tirofiban and Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab and Bare-Metal Stent for Acute Myocardial Infarction
A Randomized Trial
Marco Valgimigli, MD;
Gianfranco Percoco, MD;
Patrizia Malagutti, MD;
Gianluca Campo, MD;
Fabrizio Ferrari, MD;
Dario Barbieri, MD;
Giordano Cicchitelli, MD;
Eugène P. McFadden, MD, FRCPI;
Fabia Merlini, MD;
Lucia Ansani, MD;
Gabriele Guardigli, MD;
Alessandro Bettini, MD;
Giovanni Parrinello, PhD;
Eric Boersma, PhD;
Roberto Ferrari, MD, PhD; for the STRATEGY Investigators
JAMA. 2005;293:2109-2117.
ABSTRACT
| |
Context Bare-metal stenting with abciximab pretreatment is currently considered a reasonable reperfusion strategy for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Sirolimus-eluting stents significantly reduce the need for target-vessel revascularization (TVR) vs bare-metal stents but substantially increase procedural costs. At current European list prices, the use of tirofiban instead of abciximab would absorb the difference in cost between stenting with sirolimus-eluting vs bare-metal stents.
Objective To evaluate the clinical and angiographic impact of single high-dose bolus tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stenting vs abciximab plus bare-metal stenting in patients with STEMI.
Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled study (Single High Dose Bolus Tirofiban and Sirolimus Eluting Stent vs Abciximab and Bare Metal Stent in Myocardial Infarction [STRATEGY]) of 175 patients (median age, 63 [interquartile range, 55-72] years) presenting to a single referral center in Italy with STEMI or presumed new left bundle-branch block and randomized between March 6, 2003, and April 23, 2004.
Intervention Single high-dose bolus tirofiban regimen plus sirolimus-eluting stenting (n = 87) vs standard-dose abciximab plus bare-metal stenting (n = 88).
Main Outcome Measures The primary end point was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or binary restenosis at 8 months. Secondary outcomes included freedom, at day 30 and month 8, from major cardiac or cerebrovascular adverse events (composite of death, reinfarction, stroke, and repeat TVR).
Results Cumulatively, 14 of 74 patients (19%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-28%) in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 37 of 74 patients (50%; 95% CI, 44%-56%) in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group reached the primary end point (hazard ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.18-0.60; P<.001 [P<.001 by Fischer exact test]). The cumulative incidence of death, reinfarction, stroke, or TVR was significantly lower in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group (18%) vs the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (32%) (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-0.92; P = .04), predominantly reflecting a reduction in the need for TVR. Binary restenosis was present in 6 of 67 (9%; 95% CI, 2%-16%) and 24 of 66 (36%; 95% CI, 26%-46%) patients in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent and abciximab plus bare-metal stent groups, respectively (P = .002).
Conclusion Tirofiban-supported sirolimus-eluting stenting of infarcted arteries holds promise for improving outcomes while limiting health care expenditure in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing primary intervention.
INTRODUCTION
Bare-metal stenting, by decreasing the rate for target-vessel revascularization (TVR),1-2 has been endorsed as a class I indication in the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).3 Abciximab, by virtue of its salutary effect on tissue perfusion and coronary artery patency, has also been recommended as part of a reasonable treatment strategy.3-4
Sirolimus-eluting stents greatly reduce the need for TVR compared with bare-metal stents and thus have the potential to further improve long-term clinical outcome after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).5 However, the lack of randomized trials to assess the safety and long-term efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in patients with STEMI, in conjunction with the financial consequences of replacing bare-metal stenting with sirolimus-eluting stenting, currently limit use of sirolimus-eluting stents in this setting.6 Furthermore, in the first tertiary referral center to adopt unrestricted use of sirolimus-eluting stents, a concomitant decrease in the use of abciximab has been reported.7 This may indicate a reluctance to use glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa inhibitors and drug-eluting stents simultaneously for economic reasons.
Current clinical guidelines specifically recommend abciximab during primary PCI,3and recent additional evidence strongly supports the value of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors in this setting.8 Replacing abciximab with tirofiban, administered as a single high-dose bolus (SHDB) regimen, is a promising strategy that could preserve financial resources. At current European market prices (approximately 580  [$742] for tirofiban vs approximately 1900 [$2432] for abciximab), this would absorb the additional cost of sirolimus-eluting stenting vs bare-metal stenting (European list price: approximately 1800 [$2304] for sirolimus-eluting vs approximately 600 [$768] for bare-metal stenting).
Thus, in an attempt to further improve outcome after myocardial infarction (MI) without affecting overall costs, we compared a strategy of tirofiban-supported infarct artery sirolimus-eluting stent implantation with a current preferred strategy for STEMI treatment in terms of angiographic and clinical outcome.4
METHODS
Protocol and Randomization
The Single High Dose Bolus Tirofiban and Sirolimus Eluting Stent vs Abciximab and Bare Metal Stent in Myocardial Infarction (STRATEGY) trial was a prospective, single-center, randomized trial of 2 strategies: SHDB tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent implantation vs standard abciximab regimen plus bare-metal stent implantation, in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute STEMI. The design of the study has been described in detail.9
Individuals eligible for enrollment were consecutive patients presenting with STEMI who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1) chest pain for more than 30 minutes with ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or more in 2 or more contiguous electrocardiograph leads or with presumably new left bundle-branch block and (2) admission either within 12 hours of symptom onset or between 12 and 24 hours with evidence of continuing ischemia. Exclusion criteria included administration of fibrinolytic agents in the previous 30 days, history of bleeding diathesis or allergy to the study drugs, major surgery within 15 days, and active bleeding or previous stroke in the last 6 months. The University of Ferrara institutional review board approved the protocol in January 2003, and all patients gave written informed consent.
Open-label randomization was performed in the coronary care unit by the treating physician immediately after eligibility criteria were met. A 1:1 computer-generated random sequence supplied by an academic statistician, without blocking or stratification, was used. Sealed envelopes indicated the treatment group to which the patients were assigned: SHDB tirofiban (Aggrastat; Merck, West Point, Pa [Europe]/Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Baltimore, Md [United States]) or abciximab (ReoPro; Centocor, Malvern, Pa). The study drug was started in the coronary care unit and subsequently patients were transferred to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Per protocol, patients allocated to the tirofiban group received sirolimus-eluting stenting (Cypher; Cordis Corp, Miami Lakes, Fla). Crossover to bare-metal stenting was allowed only when sirolimus-eluting stent implantation failed or when it was impossible to match sirolimus-eluting stent diameter with coronary reference diameter (sirolimus-eluting stents were only available in diameters from 2.25-3.00 mm during the enrollment period). Patients allocated to the abciximab group received bare-metal stenting: the first choice was a Sonic stent (Cordis Corp), but any commercially available bare-metal stent could be implanted.
Medications
Tirofiban was given as a bolus of 25 µg/kg over 3 minutes, followed by an infusion of 0.15 µg/kg per minute for 18 to 24 hours. Abciximab was administered as a bolus of 0.25 mg/kg over 3 minutes, followed by a 12-hour infusion of 0.125 µg/kg per minute. All patients received aspirin (160-325 mg orally as a loading dose and then 80-125 mg/d orally indefinitely) and clopidogrel (300 mg orally as a loading dose and then 75 mg/d for at least 3 months). Heparin (50 U/kg) was administered before the procedure, with additional boluses administered to achieve and maintain an activated clotting time of at least 200 seconds.
Electrocardiographic and Platelet Measures
Cumulative ST-segment elevation, evaluated in all leads with any ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or greater, was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm at 60 milliseconds after the J point.
In a subset of 70 randomly selected patients, a platelet aggregation assay was conducted before and 10 minutes after the bolus dose of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100; Dade Behring Inc, Deerfield, Ill), as previously described.10 Closure time, ie, the time necessary to form a hemostatic platelet plug and to stop blood flow when the sample is aspirated at high shear rate (5000-6000 seconds–1) through a collagen- and adenosine diphosphate–coated capillary (147 µm diameter), inversely reflects platelet reactivity in the sample evaluated.
Angiographic Analysis
Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 coronary flow in the treated vessel and a residual stenosis less than 30% were the criteria used to define a successful PCI. Quantitative angiographic analyses, using a validated edge-detection system (CAAS II; Pie Medical, Maastricht, the Netherlands), were performed by an experienced cardiologist who was unaware of treatment assignment. Acute luminal gain was defined as the minimal luminal diameter (MLD) immediately after the procedure minus the MLD at baseline. Late loss was defined as the MLD immediately after the procedure minus the MLD at follow-up. The target lesion was defined as the stented segment plus the 5-mm segments immediately proximal and distal to the stent(s).
Study End Points and Definitions
The primary end point was freedom, at 8 months after randomization, from death, nonfatal MI, stroke, and binary restenosis. The data for all primary end point events were reviewed by an independent adjudication committee whose members were unaware of treatment assignment. Nonfatal MI was defined as recurrent chest pain with ST-segment or T-wave changes and recurrent elevation of cardiac enzyme levels. Patients were considered eligible for angiographic follow-up if protocol-mandated PCI had been attempted. Binary restenosis, dichotomized for in-stent and in-segment (5 mm proximal and distal to the stent margins) was defined as a greater than 50% diameter stenosis demonstrated by quantitative coronary angiography.
Secondary end points included freedom, at day 30 and month 8, from major cardiac or cerebrovascular adverse events defined as the composite of death, reinfarction, stroke, and repeat TVR. Urgent TVR was defined as repeat PCI or coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed within 24 hours of severe recurrent ischemic symptoms. As a safety analysis, the end points of major or minor bleeding along with severe or mild thrombocytopenia were defined according to the criteria of the TIMI trial.11
Statistical Analysis
Sample size was calculated on the assumption that the incidence of death, reinfarction, stroke, and binary restenosis at 8 months would be 13% in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 30% in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group. To detect this effect size with 80% power and a type I error ( ) of .05, taking into account an expected 10% rate of dropouts, required 160 patients.
All analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle. Discrete data were summarized as frequencies, whereas continuous data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). The Fisher exact test (categorical variables) and Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables) were used to analyze differences between the 2 study groups. Event-free survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival between groups was compared using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. The proportional hazards assumption was confirmed by an academic statistician (E.B.). A 2-sided P value less than .05 was considered significant for all tests. All analyses were performed using STATISTICA version 6.1 (StatSoft Inc, Tulsa, Okla).
RESULTS
Patient Population
Between March 6, 2003, and April 23, 2004, 175 patients with STEMI were randomized. A trial flow diagram is shown in Figure 1. Baseline demographics and angiographic features (Table 1 and Table 2) were well matched between the 2 randomized cohorts. A single patient in either group had a time from symptom onset to intervention of greater than 12 hours. Median time from Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor bolus to intervention was 33 (IQR, 22-42) minutes in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group vs 35 (IQR, 23-41) minutes in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (P = .73). Total median duration of study drug infusion was 20 (IQR, 14-28) hours in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group vs 12 (IQR, 11-13) hours in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (P<.001).
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Study Profile
PCI indicates percutaneous coronary intervention.
*Unjustified protocol violations in patients with diabetes and left anterior descending lesions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Medications of the Patients
|
|
|
Procedural Results
Based on initial angiographic findings, 3 patients (3%) in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 5 patients (6%) in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group did not receive PCI (Figure 1). In 5 patients (2 tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent, 3 abciximab plus bare-metal stent), no significant lesion was present in the culprit vessel on angiography, and anterograde flow was normal. In 2 patients (1 per group) the small size of the occluded vessel precluded intervention. Finally, 1 patient in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group was found to have a type I aortic dissection with occlusion of the right coronary artery. Where angioplasty was attempted, procedural success did not differ significantly between the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group (82/84 patients [98%]) and the abciximab plus bare-metal stent (79/83 patients [95%]) group (P = .91). Nominal stent diameter was smaller in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group, reflecting the limited available range of sirolimus-eluting stent diameters.
Overall, 74 patients (85%) in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 77 (88%) in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group received the protocol-mandated treatment combination (Figure 1). The extent of ST-segment resolution (Table 2) and the TIMI flow grade postintervention (Table 2) did not differ between treatment groups, nor did quantitative angiographic parameters at baseline or immediately after intervention (Table 3).
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Quantitative Coronary Analysis
|
|
|
Median platelet aggregation, evaluated in 70 patients as closure time, was similar at baseline in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group (77 [IQR, 68-86] seconds) and the abciximab plus bare-metal stent (74 [IQR, 69-83] seconds) group (P = .71). Ten minutes after the start of drug infusion, 30 of 35 patients (86%) receiving abciximab vs 31 of 35 (89%) treated with tirofiban reached full platelet inhibition (closure time, >300 seconds). In the remaining 9 patients, closure time was 298 (IQR, 297-299) seconds in the 4 who received tirofiban and 295 (IQR, 292-296) seconds in the 5 who received abciximab (P = .07).
30-Day Outcomes
There were no significant differences between the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group in the incidence of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events during the first 30 days (Table 4). Five fatal events occurred: 2 (1 due to left ventricular free wall rupture, another to cardiogenic shock) in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 3 (as a consequence of aortic dissection, cardiogenic shock, and left ventricular free wall rupture) in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group. Among patients receiving abciximab, 2 had reinfarction due to angiographically confirmed stent thrombosis requiring urgent TVR. In 1 patient with diabetes, a sirolimus-eluting stent had been implanted as a protocol violation. In the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group, 1 patient with diffuse 3-vessel disease and cardiogenic shock at entry satisfied the criteria for reinfarction while mechanically ventilated 3 days after the index procedure. Coronary angiography performed thereafter excluded new changes in coronary anatomy. Finally, in 1 patient per group, urgent TVR was required due to residual infarct-related artery dissection threatening vessel closure. No cerebrovascular accident occurred. The incidence of any thrombocytopenia was significantly lower in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group vs the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (Table 4).
|
|
|
|
Table 4. 30-Day and 8-Month Outcomes and Safety Profile
|
|
|
Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes
Complete follow-up information up to 240 days was available for all patients. Eight patients in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 8 in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group refused to undergo angiographic follow-up performed after a median of 209 days (range, 148-267). In 1 additional patient per group, follow-up coronary angiography was not performed due to a severe allergic reaction to contrast media during the index procedure and transfusion-dependent chronic anemia. None of these patients experienced major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events; all were asymptomatic and none had inducible myocardial ischemia on stress testing. Their baseline characteristics did not differ with respect to patients who underwent follow-up angiography.
Cumulatively, 14 of 74 (19%; 95% CI, 10%-28%) patients in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group and 37 of 74 (50%; 95% CI, 44%-56%) in the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group fulfilled the criteria for the 8-month primary end point (death, MI, stroke, or binary restenosis) (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.18-0.60; P<.001 [P<.001 by Fischer exact test]).
The cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (death, reinfarction, stroke, or TVR) was significantly lower in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group vs the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (18% vs 32%, respectively; HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-0.92; P = .04) (Figure 2). Overall, the composite of death or reinfarction was similar in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group (13%) vs the abciximab plus bare-metal stent group (17%) (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.34-1.5; P = .39) (Figure 2), while there was a significant reduction in the need for TVR (7% vs 20%, respectively; HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.77; P = .01) in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent group.
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Cumulative Risk of Events at 240 Days in the Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent Groups
|
|
|
The results of quantitative coronary analyses are shown in Table 3. Cumulative distribution curves (paired-lesion analysis) for the difference of MLD before and immediately after the intervention and at follow-up in the 2 groups are shown in Figure 3. In-lesion binary restenosis—assessed in 67 and 66 patients in the tirofiban plus sirolimus-eluting stent and abciximab plus bare-metal stent groups (87% and 88% of those eligible, respectively)—was present in 6 (9%; 95% CI, 2%-16%) and 24 (36%; 95% CI, 26%-46%) patients, respectively (P = .002).
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Cumulative Distribution Curves (Paired-Lesion Analysis) for Acute Luminal Gain and Late Loss in the Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent Groups
See text for definitions of acute luminal gain and late loss. MLD indicates minimal luminal diameter.
|
|
|
COMMENT
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first drug-eluting stent (the sirolimus-eluting stent) in April 2003. Since then, penetration of drug-eluting stenting has rapidly increased, replacing bare-metal stenting in more than 80% of PCI procedures.12 This rapid transition has been facilitated by the presence of specific reimbursement for drug-eluting stenting. However, evidence for the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents has been obtained only for highly selected patient or lesion subgroups,13-15 and concerns regarding the safety and economic consequences of liberal use of these devices have also been raised.12, 15-20
In Europe, sirolimus-eluting stents became available 1 year previous (April 2002). Nevertheless, overall use of drug-eluting stents remains limited, with penetration rates as low as 6% in some countries.6 This may be related to their high cost in conjunction with the almost universal lack of specific reimbursement. Thus, their short-term costs are currently playing a major role in clinical decision making.
To the best of our knowledge, no randomized trial has specifically examined the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents in the setting of primary intervention for STEMI. Abciximab and drug-eluting stent implantation have potentially complementary effects on death or MI and the need for reintervention in the setting of acute MI,5, 8, 21-23 providing the rationale for testing their combination in this setting.24 However, both therapies are expensive. The average cost of combining abciximab treatment with a single sirolimus-eluting stent exceeds 50% of current reimbursement for acute MI in some European countries.25 Thus, financial pressure may lead to competitive use between drug-eluting stents and abciximab on the basis of their high cost.7
Our results demonstrate that a lower-cost strategy of tirofiban-supported sirolimus-eluting stent implantation during primary PCI was safe and resulted in improved clinical (ie, decreased need for TVR) and angiographic (ie, decreased restenosis) outcomes with respect to a strategy of abciximab-supported bare-metal stent implantation. Moreover, such a strategy was associated with an improved safety profile with respect to thrombocytopenia.
Two specific aspects of our study protocol deserve emphasis. First, all consecutive patients with acute MI referred to a single referral center for intended primary intervention were prospectively enrolled provided they had no contraindication to the use of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors, thus substantially reducing any potential bias related to clinical presentation or angiographic findings. Second, Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors were started at admission at a median interval of more than 30 minutes before coronary intervention. In a recent trial of patients with STEMI referred for intended bare-metal stenting, a similar approach to abciximab administration showed a benefit on total and cardiovascular mortality.8 Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that early administration of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors to patients with STEMI is associated with consistent trends toward a reduction in mortality and other major adverse cardiac events.26
In a previously reported head-to-head comparison between abciximab and tirofiban in patients undergoing PCI, abciximab was superior to tirofiban with respect to the prespecified combined end point.27 The superiority of abciximab was driven by a higher rate of periprocedural MI in the tirofiban group, suggesting inadequate early platelet inhibition with the bolus regimen used (10 µg/kg). Subsequent dose-ranging studies showed that increasing the tirofiban bolus dose from 10 to 25 µg/kg was necessary to obtain an optimal level of platelet inhibition,28 and initial clinical trials with the high bolus appear promising.29-30 In the present study, evaluation of platelet function before and soon after administration of the Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor showed that in the primary PCI setting, SHDB tirofiban resulted in a degree of early platelet inhibition similar to that observed with abciximab. Similarly, TIMI flow patterns and ST-segment resolution—both surrogates of long-term mortality that have been consistently improved by abciximab treatment even in relatively small studies21-22—did not differ between treatment groups. A large-scale noninferiority trial comparing a SHDB tirofiban regimen with abciximab is currently enrolling patients. The results of this trial will complement and extend our present findings.
Our study has several important limitations. First, it was underpowered to assess the effect of tirofiban-supported sirolimus-eluting stent implantation on the rate of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events, implying that the benefit of treatment observed here was greater than expected but also that larger studies are needed to confirm our preliminary observations. Second, in keeping with the design of our investigation, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the relative contribution of a specific Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor or stent type with respect to the other. This would have required a factorial study design. Third, despite careful avoidance of the "oculo-stenotic" reflex, we cannot rule out the possibility that protocol-mandated angiographic follow-up has not increased the magnitude of clinical benefit of study treatment. Finally, a formal cost-effectiveness analysis, which would have complemented our clinical and angiographic results, was not performed in this trial.
In conclusion, our study provides proof of concept for a new treatment strategy in STEMI that incorporates unrestricted use of sirolimus-eluting stenting but results in no (European market) or only a modest (US market) increase in medical expenditure.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author: Marco Valgimigli, MD, Chair of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, Cardiovascular Institute, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy (vlgmrc{at}unife.it).
Author Contributions: Dr Valgimigli had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Valgimigli, Percoco, McFadden.
Acquisition of data: Valgimigli, Malagutti, Campo, F. Ferrari, Barbieri, Cicchitelli, Merlini, Ansani, Guardigli, Bettini, R. Ferrari.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Valgimigli, Percoco, Malagutti, McFadden, Parrinello, Boersma, R. Ferrari.
Drafting of the manuscript: Valgimigli, Percoco, Malagutti, Campo, F. Ferrari, Barbieri, Cicchitelli, McFadden, Merlini, Bettini.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Valgimigli, Cicchitelli, McFadden, Ansani, Guardigli, Parrinello, Boersma, R. Ferrari.
Statistical analysis: Valgimigli, Parrinello, Boersma.
Obtained funding: Percoco, Ansani, Guardigli, R. Ferrari.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Percoco, Malagutti, Campo, F. Ferrari, Barbieri, Cicchitelli, McFadden, Merlini, Bettini.
Study supervision: Valgimigli.
Financial Disclosures: Dr Valgimigli has received honoraria for lectures from Merck and Guilford. Dr McFadden has received travel grants from Merck and honoraria for lectures from Centocor and Cordis. No other authors reported financial disclosures.
Funding/Support: This work was partially supported by a grant from the Fondazione Cassa dei Risparmi di Ferrara, Italy.
Role of the Sponsor: The Fondazione Cassa dei Risparmi di Ferrara had no role in the study design, the analysis and interpretation of the data, or the drafting or revision of the final manuscript.
Participating STRATEGY (Single High Dose Bolus Tirofiban and Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab and Bare Metal Stent in Myocardial Infarction) Investigators: Steering Committee: R. Ferrari (chair), M. Valgimigli (principal investigator), G. Percoco; Data Monitoring: G. Campo, F. Merlini; Clinical Events Adjudication Committee: Cardiovascular Research Centre, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS Gussago (BS), Italy; S. Curello, K. Papa, P. Bernocchi; Electrocardiographic Data Evaluation Committee: G. Cicchitelli; Angiographic Data Evaluation Committee: P. Malagutti; Statistical Analysis: G. Parrinello, E. Boersma.
Author Affiliations: Chair of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, Italy (Drs Valgimigli, Percoco, Malagutti, Campo, F. Ferrari, Barbieri, Cicchitelli, Merlini, Ansani, Guardigli, and R. Ferrari); Cardiovascular Research Centre, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS Gussago (BS), Italy (Drs Valgimigli, Bettini, and R. Ferrari); Medical Statistics Unit, University of Brescia, Italy (Dr Parrinello); Erasmus Medical Center, Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Drs McFadden and Boersma).
REFERENCES
| |
1. Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, et al, Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1949-1956.
FREE FULL TEXT
2. Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:957-966.
FREE FULL TEXT
3. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004;110:e82-e292.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Topol EJ, Neumann FJ, Montalescot G. A preferred reperfusion strategy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1886-1889.
FREE FULL TEXT
5. Saia F, Lemos PA, Lee CH, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a clinical and angiographic study. Circulation. 2003;108:1927-1929.
FREE FULL TEXT
6. Zahn R, Hamm CW, Zeymer U, et al. "Real life" use of sirolimus-eluting coronary stents in Germany: results from the prospective multi-centre German Cypher Registry. Z Kardiol. 2004;93:287-294.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Lemos PA, Saia F, Hofma SH, et al. Short- and long-term clinical benefit of sirolimus-eluting stents compared to conventional bare stents for patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:704-708.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Antoniucci D, Migliorini A, Parodi G, et al. Abciximab-supported infarct artery stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction and long-term survival: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing infarct artery stenting plus abciximab with stenting alone. Circulation. 2004;109:1704-1706.
FREE FULL TEXT
9. Valgimigli M, Percoco G, Cicchitelli G, et al. High-dose bolus tirofiban and sirolimus eluting stent versus abiciximab and bare metal stent in acute myocardial infarction (STRATEGY) study—protocol design and demography of the first 100 patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2004;18:225-230.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Frossard M, Fuchs I, Leitner JM, et al. Platelet function predicts myocardial damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;110:1392-1397.
FREE FULL TEXT
11. Rao AK, Pratt C, Berke A, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial—phase I: hemorrhagic manifestations and changes in plasma fibrinogen and the fibrinolytic system in patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:1-11.
ABSTRACT
12. Marks DS, Ratko TA, Matuszewski KA, Oinonen MJ, Cummings JP. Clinical and financial impact of drug-eluting stents: the US academic experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(suppl A):73A.
13. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1315-1323.
FREE FULL TEXT
14. Ardissino D, Cavallini C, Bramucci E, et al. Sirolimus-eluting vs uncoated stents for prevention of restenosis in small coronary arteries: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2727-2734.
FREE FULL TEXT
15. Mack MJ. Sirolimus-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:413-414.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Greenberg D, Bakhai A, Cohen DJ. Can we afford to eliminate restenosis? can we afford not to? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:513-518.
FREE FULL TEXT
17. Waksman R, Kuchulakanti P, Kinnaird T, et al. Impact of off-label usage on immediate and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus-eluting stents. Circulation. 2004;110(suppl III):2473A.
18. Muni NI, Gross TP. Problems with drug-eluting stents—the FDA perspective. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1593-1595.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E, et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 2004;364:1519-1521.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
20. Eisenberg MJ. Drug-eluting stents: some bare facts. Lancet. 2004;364:1466-1467.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1895-1903.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1879-1885.
FREE FULL TEXT
23. Lemos PA, Serruys PW, van Domburg RT, et al. Unrestricted utilization of sirolimus-eluting stents compared with conventional bare stent implantation in the "real world": the Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital (RESEARCH) registry. Circulation. 2004;109:190-195.
FREE FULL TEXT
24. Leon MB, Bakhai A. Drug-eluting stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: combination therapy for the future. Am Heart J. 2003;146(suppl):S13-S17.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
25. Varani E, Balducelli M, Vecchi G, Maresta A. Cost of diagnostic and therapeutic hemodynamic procedures: comparison with DRG reimbursement [in Italian]. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2001;2:647-652.
PUBMED
26. Montalescot G, Borentain M, Payot L, Collet JP, Thomas D. Early vs late administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in primary percutaneous coronary intervention of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:362-366.
FREE FULL TEXT
27. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, et al. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and abciximab, for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1888-1894.
FREE FULL TEXT
28. Kabbani SS, Aggarwal A, Terrien EF, DiBattiste PM, Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Suboptimal early inhibition of platelets by treatment with tirofiban and implications for coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:647-650.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Danzi GB, Sesana M, Capuano C, Mauri L, Berra Centurini P, Baglini R. Comparison in patients having primary coronary angioplasty of abciximab versus tirofiban on recovery of left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:35-39.
ISI
| PUBMED
30. Valgimigli M, Percoco G, Barbieri D, et al. The additive value of tirofiban administered with the high-dose bolus in the prevention of ischemic complications during high-risk coronary angioplasty: the ADVANCE Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:14-19.
FREE FULL TEXT
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
RELATED LETTERS
Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent
Faizel Osman, Sohail Qaisar, Nadia El Gaylani, and Michael Pitt
JAMA. 2005;294(13):1616-1617.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent
Leonardo De Luca and Gennaro Sardella
JAMA. 2005;294(13):1617.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent—Reply
Marco Valgimigli
JAMA. 2005;294(13):1617-1618.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
RELATED ARTICLE
Drug-Eluting Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is Science Catching Up With Practice?
Mauricio G. Cohen and E. Magnus Ohman
JAMA. 2005;293(17):2154-2156.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
|
The 5-year clinical outcomes after a randomized comparison of sirolimus-eluting versus bare-metal stent implantation in patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Tebaldi et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1900-1901.
FULL TEXT
Long-Term Outcome of Drug-Eluting Stents Compared With Bare Metal Stents in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results of the Paclitaxel- or Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare Metal Stent in Primary Angioplasty (PASEO) Randomized Trial
Di Lorenzo et al.
Circulation 2009;120:964-972.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Tirofiban as adjunctive therapy for acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials
Valgimigli et al.
Eur Heart J 2009;0:ehp376v1-ehp376.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
The PASEO (PaclitAxel or Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare Metal Stent in Primary Angioplasty) Randomized Trial
Di Lorenzo et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2009;2:515-523.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
A Comparison of Abciximab and Small-Molecule Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Randomized Controlled Trials
Gurm et al.
Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:230-236.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Benefits from small molecule administration as compared with abciximab among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: a meta-analysis.
De Luca et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1668-1673.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Use of drug-eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Brar et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1677-1689.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Mortality following placement of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events
Steg et al.
Eur Heart J 2009;30:321-329.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Randomized comparison between tirofiban and abciximab to promote complete ST-resolution in primary angioplasty: results of the facilitated angioplasty with tirofiban or abciximab (FATA) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial
Marzocchi et al.
Eur Heart J 2008;29:2972-2980.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stents for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Can Observational Data Balance the Risk Benefit Equation?
Cutlip
Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:161-163.
FULL TEXT
Adjunctive antithrombotic therapy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention
De Luca
Eur Heart J Suppl 2008;10:J2-J14.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Long-Term Outcome After Bare Metal and Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation
Kukreja et al.
Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:103-110.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stents for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Mauri et al.
NEJM 2008;359:1330-1342.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stents in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Eight-Month Follow-Up in the Drug Elution and Distal Protection in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DEDICATION) Trial
Kelbaek et al.
Circulation 2008;118:1155-1162.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Angioplasty Strategies in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part I: Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Stone
Circulation 2008;118:538-551.
FULL TEXT
Comparison of Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents for Treating ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Shishehbor et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2008;1:227-232.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Comparison of Angioplasty With Infusion of Tirofiban or Abciximab and With Implantation of Sirolimus-Eluting or Uncoated Stents for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The MULTISTRATEGY Randomized Trial
Valgimigli et al.
JAMA 2008;299:1788-1799.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 9-month angiographic and intravascular ultrasound results and 12-month clinical outcome results from the MISSION! Intervention Study.
van der Hoeven et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:618-626.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Myocardial Revascularization with Percutaneous Devices
Wilson and Willerson
Card Surg Adult 2008;3:573-598.
FULL TEXT
Myocardial Revascularization after Acute Myocardial Infarction
George and Oz
Card Surg Adult 2008;3:669-696.
FULL TEXT
Meta-analysis of randomized trials on drug-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Kastrati et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:2706-2713.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting Stent Update 2007: Part III: Technique and Unapproved/Unsettled Indications (Left Main, Bifurcations, Chronic Total Occlusions, Small Vessels and Long Lesions, Saphenous Vein Grafts, Acute Myocardial Infarctions, and Multivessel Disease)
Colombo and Chieffo
Circulation 2007;116:1424-1432.
FULL TEXT
Angiographic Stent Thrombosis After Routine Use of Drug-Eluting Stents in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The Importance of Thrombus Burden
Sianos et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:573-583.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting Stents: Is Their Future as Bright as Their Past?
Kastrati and Schomig
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:146-148.
FULL TEXT
Two-Year Clinical Follow-Up After Sirolimus-Eluting Versus Bare-Metal Stent Implantation Assisted by Systematic Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor Infusion in Patients With Myocardial Infarction: Results From the STRATEGY Study
Valgimigli et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:138-145.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Late and Very Late Thrombosis of Drug-Eluting Stents: Evolving Concepts and Perspectives
Jaffe and Strauss
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:119-127.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Clinical impact of in-stent late loss after drug-eluting coronary stent implantation
Moreno et al.
Eur Heart J 2007;28:1583-1591.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Randomized Trial of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare-Metal Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction (SESAMI)
Menichelli et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1924-1930.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Reports of clinical trials should begin and end with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant evidence: a status report
Clarke et al.
JRSM 2007;100:187-190.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Analysis of 14 Trials Comparing Sirolimus-Eluting Stents with Bare-Metal Stents
Kastrati et al.
NEJM 2007;356:1030-1039.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Impact of Stable Versus Unstable Coronary Artery Disease on 1-Year Outcome in Elective Patients Undergoing Multivessel Revascularization With Sirolimus-Eluting Stents: A Subanalysis of the ARTS II Trial
Valgimigli et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:431-441.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation
Keeley and Hillis
NEJM 2007;356:47-54.
FULL TEXT
Randomized Double-Blind Comparison of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Bare-Metal Stent Implantation in Diseased Saphenous Vein Grafts: Six-Month Angiographic, Intravascular Ultrasound, and Clinical Follow-Up of the RRISC Trial
Vermeersch et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2423-2431.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-eluting stents in primary PCI.
Alfonso et al.
NEJM 2006;355:2483-2484.
FULL TEXT
Value of Platelet Reactivity in Predicting Response to Treatment and Clinical Outcome in Patients Undergoing Primary Coronary Intervention: Insights Into the STRATEGY Study
Campo et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2178-2185.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Sirolimus-Eluting versus Uncoated Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Spaulding et al.
NEJM 2006;355:1093-1104.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Paclitaxel-Eluting versus Uncoated Stents in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Laarman et al.
NEJM 2006;355:1105-1113.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Van de Werf
NEJM 2006;355:1169-1170.
FULL TEXT
Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Premature Discontinuation of Thienopyridine Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Placement: Results From the PREMIER Registry
Spertus et al.
Circulation 2006;113:2803-2809.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
The Year in Interventional Cardiology
Dixon et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1689-1706.
FULL TEXT
Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent
Osman et al.
JAMA 2005;294:1616-1617.
FULL TEXT
Tirofiban Plus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent vs Abciximab Plus Bare-Metal Stent
De Luca and Sardella
JAMA 2005;294:1617-1617.
FULL TEXT
New and old strategies to afford the liberal use of drug-eluting stents in real-life scenarios
Valgimigli et al.
Eur Heart J Suppl 2005;7:K31-K35.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
To Cath or Not to Cath: That Is No Longer the Question
Bhatt
JAMA 2005;293:2935-2937.
FULL TEXT
A Low-Cost Strategy for Primary PCI?
Journal Watch Cardiology 2005;2005:2-2.
FULL TEXT
Drug-Eluting Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is Science Catching Up With Practice?
Cohen and Ohman
JAMA 2005;293:2154-2156.
FULL TEXT
|
