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Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD; Margaret D. Carroll, MSPH; Lester R. Curtin, PhD; Margaret A. McDowell, MPH, RD; Carolyn J. Tabak, MD, MPH; Katherine M. Flegal, PhD

JAMA. 2006;295:1549-1555.

ABSTRACT
Context  The prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults in the United States has increased over several decades.

Objective  To provide current estimates of the prevalence and trends of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Analysis of height and weight measurements from 3958 children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years and 4431 adults aged 20 years or older obtained in 2003-2004 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the US population. Data from the NHANES obtained in 1999-2000 and in 2001-2002 were compared with data from 2003-2004.

Main Outcome Measures  Estimates of the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents and obesity in adults. Overweight among children and adolescents was defined as at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific body mass index (BMI) for age growth charts. Obesity among adults was defined as a BMI of 30 or higher; extreme obesity was defined as a BMI of 40 or higher.

Results  In 2003-2004, 17.1% of US children and adolescents were overweight and 32.2% of adults were obese. Tests for trend were significant for male and female children and adolescents, indicating an increase in the prevalence of overweight in female children and adolescents from 13.8% in 1999-2000 to 16.0% in 2003-2004 and an increase in the prevalence of overweight in male children and adolescents from 14.0% to 18.2%. Among men, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly between 1999-2000 (27.5%) and 2003-2004 (31.1%). Among women, no significant increase in obesity was observed between 1999-2000 (33.4%) and 2003-2004 (33.2%). The prevalence of extreme obesity (body mass index 40) in 2003-2004 was 2.8% in men and 6.9% in women. In 2003-2004, significant differences in obesity prevalence remained by race/ethnicity and by age. Approximately 30% of non-Hispanic white adults were obese as were 45.0% of non-Hispanic black adults and 36.8% of Mexican Americans. Among adults aged 20 to 39 years, 28.5% were obese while 36.8% of adults aged 40 to 59 years and 31.0% of those aged 60 years or older were obese in 2003-2004.

Conclusions  The prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents and obesity among men increased significantly during the 6-year period from 1999 to 2004; among women, no overall increases in the prevalence of obesity were observed. These estimates were based on a 6-year period and suggest that the increases in body weight are continuing in men and in children and adolescents while they may be leveling off in women.

INTRODUCTION

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Obesity continues to be a leading public health concern in the United States.^1-2 Between 1980 and 2002, obesity prevalence doubled in adults aged 20 years or older and overweight prevalence tripled in children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years.^3-5 This article provides the most recent prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity based on national measurements of weight and height in 2003-2004 and compares these estimates with estimates from 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 to determine if the trend is continuing.

METHODS

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Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity were calculated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a complex, multistage probability sample of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population.⁶ Race/ethnicity was reported by survey participants. During a physical examination in a mobile examination center, height and weight were measured using standardized protocols and calibrated equipment. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters and was rounded to the nearest tenth.

The NHANES 2003-2004 overall response rate (of those originally selected for participation) was 68.6% (4742/6916) for adults aged 20 years or older and 83.2% (4105/4932) for children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years. Less than 3% of examined children and adolescents and 7% of adults had missing data for BMI. Data for analyses were available for 3958 children and adolescents and 4431 adults in 2003-2004 (Table 1), in addition to previously published data for 1999-2000 and 2001-2002.^3-5

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 1. Sample Size of US Adults, Children, and Adolescents by Sex, Age, and Racial/Ethnic Group, 2003-2004

Among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, overweight and at risk for overweight were defined based on the sex-specific BMI for age growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.⁷ The CDC growth charts were created from national data in the United States collected from 1963 through 1994. Data for the BMI for age charts were collected between 1971 and 1994 for children 2 to 6 years of age and between 1963 and 1980 for children 6 through 19 years of age. The "at risk for overweight" category was defined as a BMI for age at or above the sex-specific 85th percentile but less than the 95th percentile.⁸ Overweight was defined as a BMI for age at or above the sex-specific 95th percentile. For adults aged 20 years or older, overweight was defined as a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9; obesity, 30.0 or higher; and extreme obesity, 40.0 or higher.⁹

Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (version 9, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (version 9, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) software. All analyses excluded pregnant females. Sample weights were used to account for differential nonresponse, noncoverage, and to adjust for planned oversampling of some groups. Estimates for adults were age-standardized to the projected estimates of the 2000 US Census using the age groups of 20 to 39 years, 40 to 59 years, and 60 years or older. SEs for all survey years were estimated with SUDAAN software using Taylor series linearization.

Trends in prevalence of overweight for children and adolescents and in obesity for adults over 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004 were modeled separately using logistic regression. To test for trends, the NHANES survey years were included as an ordinal variable in logistic regression models that included age group and race/ethnicity. Trends were similarly tested using 6 separate years of data for 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004.

An interaction was found between sex and the NHANES survey years so the models were run separately for males and females. All 2-way interaction terms were dropped from the sex-specific models because they were not statistically significant. No 3-way interactions were tested. Because no interaction was found between race/ethnicity and the NHANES survey years, tests for differences between racial/ethnic groups were performed in these models with the 3 NHANES survey periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004). In contrast, overall differences by sex were tested in 2003-2004 using t tests at the .05 significance level for adults and for children and adolescents separately.

RESULTS

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Overall, among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, 17.1% were overweight in 2003-2004 and 32.2% of adults aged 20 years or older were obese. The prevalence of extreme obesity among adults was 4.8%. Detailed prevalence estimates of overweight in children and adolescents (Table 2 and Table 3) and obesity in adults (Table 4 and Table 5) are shown by sex, age group, and race/ethnicity for 2003-2004.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 2. Prevalence of At Risk of Overweight and Overweight in Children and Adolescents by Age and Racial/Ethnic Group for 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004*

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 3. Prevalence of At Risk of Overweight and Overweight in Children and Adolescents by Sex, Age, and Racial/Ethnic Group for 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004*

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 4. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity in Adults by Age and Racial/Ethnic Group for 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004*

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 5. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity in Adults by Sex, Age, and Racial/Ethnic Group for 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004*

Prevalence estimates of overweight and at risk for overweight in children and adolescents and overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults for 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 also appear in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5. Tests of trend using logistic regression adjusted for age and race/ethnicity showed a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents over 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004 (P = .0396 for males and P = .0463 for females). Among men, the increase in obesity was not significant (P = .0503). Tests for trends using 6 single years of data showed significant increases in prevalence of obesity for men (P = .02) and overweight for male children and adolescents (P = .01), but no significant increase in overweight for female children and adolescents (P = .10). Among women, no significant trends were found using either test of trends.

During 1999-2004, significant differences between racial/ethnic groups existed among children and adolescents (Table 6). After adjusting for age and the NHANES survey years in a multiple logistic regression model using data from 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004, the prevalence of overweight in Mexican American male children and adolescents was significantly greater than in non-Hispanic white male children and adolescents. However, prevalence of overweight among non-Hispanic white male children and adolescents did not differ significantly from non-Hispanic black male children and adolescents. Mexican American and non-Hispanic black female children and adolescents were significantly more likely to be overweight compared with non-Hispanic white female children and adolescents. Adolescents were more likely to be overweight compared with children. Among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years in 2003-2004, no significant difference in prevalence of overweight was found between the sexes.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Table 6. Logistic Regression of Overweight in Children and Adolescents and Obesity in Adults*

Among adult men, no differences were found between racial/ethnic groups (Table 6). However, Mexican American and non-Hispanic black women were significantly more likely to be obese compared with non-Hispanic white women. Older adults were more likely to be obese than their younger counterparts. The only exception was adults aged 80 years or older who were not significantly different from adults aged 20 to 39 years (for both sexes). In 2003-2004, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity in adults between the sexes.

COMMENT

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These estimates from the NHANES conducted in 2003-2004 provide the most recent prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity in the United States. Among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, 17.1% were overweight and 32.2% of adults aged 20 years or older were obese. The prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents and obesity among men increased significantly between 1999 and 2004. No increase in overall obesity prevalence among women was observed over the 6-year period.

Multivariable model results indicate that the only statistically significant trends were those noted overall for men and for children and adolescents. Trends did not differ significantly by age or racial/ethnic group. Although differences in point estimates may appear large in some subgroups, the differences are not statistically significant. Subgroup estimates by sex, age, and race/ethnicity are less precise than the overall estimates. This is due to smaller sample sizes and fewer degrees of freedom than for the overall estimates. Future data from NHANES 2005-2006 should provide more information about changes in subgroups.

Increases in prevalence of overweight and obesity among both adults and children have been observed in many countries throughout the world.^10-11 For example, the prevalence of obesity among adults in Great Britain almost tripled between 1980 and 2002.¹² Among preschool children in urban areas of China, the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997.¹³

Similar to previous analyses,^4-5 there continues to be differences in overweight and obesity prevalence by racial/ethnic group among women and among children and adolescents. Among women, almost 58% of non-Hispanic black women aged 40 to 59 years were obese in 2003-2004 compared with about 38% of non-Hispanic white women of the same age. Among men, however, the prevalence of obesity did not differ by racial/ethnic group. Among children and adolescents, differences by racial/ethnic group exist for both sexes. These racial/ethnic group differences in female children and adolescents were observed in 1988-1994 but these differences were not observed among male adolescents in 1988-1994.⁴

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States remains high. The prevalence of obesity has continued to increase in men and the prevalence of overweight has continued to increase in children and adolescents between 1999 and 2004. However, no significant increases were observed among women. There is little indication that the prevalence is decreasing in any subgroup of the population. These prevalence estimates, based on a 6-year period (1999-2004), suggest that the increases in body weight may be leveling off in women.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

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Corresponding Author: Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3311 Toledo Rd, Room 4414, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (Cogden{at}cdc.gov).

Author Contributions: Drs Ogden and Flegal had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design: Ogden, Curtin, Tabak, Flegal.

Acquisition of data: McDowell.

Analysis and interpretation of data: Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Flegal.

Drafting of the manuscript: Ogden, Flegal.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, McDowell, Tabak, Flegal.

Statistical analysis: Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Flegal.

Financial Disclosures: None reported.

Funding/Support: This study was not supported by external funding.

Role of the Sponsor: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reviewed and approved this article before submission.

Acknowledgment: We acknowledge William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, CDC, for critical comments on the manuscript; Barry I. Graubard, PhD, Biostatitstics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, for statistical consultation; Clifford L. Johnson, MSPH, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, for study supervision; and Sylvia Tan, MS, Harris Corp and National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, for her computer programming support.

Author Affiliations: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Md (Drs Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, McDowell, Tabak, and Flegal), and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga (Dr Tabak).

REFERENCES

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1. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:898-904. FREE FULL TEXT 2. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 2005;293:1861-1867. FREE FULL TEXT 3. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1723-1727. FREE FULL TEXT 4. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-1732. FREE FULL TEXT 5. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847-2850. FREE FULL TEXT 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/datalink.htm. Accessibility verified February 27, 2006.7. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002(246):1-190. PUBMED 8. Himes JH, Dietz WH, Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:307-316. FREE FULL TEXT 9. National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obes Res. 1998;6(suppl 2):51S-209S. [published correction appears in Obes Res. 1998;6:464]. ISI | PUBMED 10. Silventoinen K, Sans S, Tolonen H, et al, WHO MONICA Project. Trends in obesity and energy supply in the WHO MONICA Project. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:710-718. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 11. Wang Y, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:971-977. FREE FULL TEXT 12. Rennie KL, Jebb SA. Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain. Obes Rev. 2005;6:11-12. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED 13. Luo J, Hu FB. Time trends of obesity in pre-school children in China from 1989 to 1997. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:553-558. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED

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Arch. Dis. Child. 2008;93:373-378.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regional differences in overweight: an effect of people or place?
Hawkins et al.
Arch. Dis. Child. 2008;93:407-413.
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Influences on Child Eating and Weight Development from a Behavioral Genetics Perspective
Kral and Faith
J Pediatr Psychol 2008;0:jsn037v1-jsn037.
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Sociodemographic and Smoking Associated with Obesity in Adult Women in Iran: Results from the National Health Survey
Bakhshi et al.
J Public Health (Oxf) 2008;0:fdn024v1-7.
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A National Longitudinal Study of the Association Between Hours of TV Viewing and the Trajectory of BMI Growth Among US Children
Danner
J Pediatr Psychol 2008;0:jsn034v1-jsn034.
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Effect of Rimonabant on Progression of Atherosclerosis in Patients With Abdominal Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease: The STRADIVARIUS Randomized Controlled Trial
Nissen et al.
JAMA 2008;299:1547-1560.
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The Hope and Fear of Rimonabant
Rumsfeld and Nallamothu
JAMA 2008;299:1601-1602.
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Diet patterns and breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study
Murtaugh et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:978-984.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Public policy, medical guidelines needed to address childhood obesity
Cuttler
AAP News 2008;29:18-18.
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Physical Activity Influences in a Disadvantaged African American Community and the Communities' Proposed Solutions
Griffin et al.
Health Promot Pract 2008;9:180-190.
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State of the Art Reviews: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy
Ricciotti
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:151-158.
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State of the Art Reviews: Using the Internet to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating in Youth
Whiteley et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:159-177.
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Short Sleep Duration in Infancy and Risk of Childhood Overweight
Taveras et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162:305-311.
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Metabolic Syndrome Pandemic
Grundy
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2008;28:629-636.
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Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004
Matthews et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:875-881.
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Overweight and Obesity Are Associated With Psychiatric Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Petry et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2008;70:288-297.
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Weight regain after sustained weight reduction is accompanied by suppressed oxidation of dietary fat and adipocyte hyperplasia
Jackman et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008;294:R1117-R1129.
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Reinventing Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention
Unger
JAMA 2008;299:1185-1187.
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Using Visual Methods to Uncover Context
Keller et al.
Qual Health Res 2008;18:428-436.
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A Qualitative Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators to Achieving Behavior Goals Among Obese Inner-City Adolescents in a Weight Management Program
Alm et al.
The Diabetes Educator 2008;34:277-284.
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Role of obesity in GORD-related disorders
El-Serag
Gut 2008;57:281-284.
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Exercise-induced attenuation of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation in the OLETF rat
Morris et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2008;104:708-715.
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Interaction Between Exercise and Leptin in the Treatment of Obesity
Morrison
Diabetes 2008;57:534-535.
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Team Sports for Overweight Children: The Stanford Sports to Prevent Obesity Randomized Trial (SPORT)
Weintraub et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162:232-237.
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Breast-Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes in the Youth of Three Ethnic Groups: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Case-Control Study
Mayer-Davis et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:470-475.
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A Prospective Study of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Sui et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:550-555.
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Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Internet-Facilitated Intervention for Reducing Binge Eating and Overweight in Adolescents
Jones et al.
Pediatrics 2008;121:453-462.
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Asthmatic Symptoms, Physical Activity, and Overweight in Young Children: A Cohort Study
Eijkemans et al.
Pediatrics 2008;121:e666-e672.
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Food deprivation-induced changes in body fat mobilization after neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment
Leitner and Bartness
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008;294:R775-R783.
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Endocannabinoid system and its implications for obesity and cardiometabolic risk
Nesto and Mackie
Eur Heart J Suppl 2008;10:B34-B41.
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