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Emergence of Domestically Acquired Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella Infections Associated With AmpC -Lactamase

Eileen F. Dunne, MD, MPH; Paul D. Fey, PhD; Pat Kludt, MPH; Roshan Reporter, MD, MPH; Farzad Mostashari, MD, MSPH; Pam Shillam, MPH; Julie Wicklund, MPH; Corinne Miller, MPH; Ben Holland, BS; Karen Stamey, BS; Timothy J. Barrett, PhD; James K. Rasheed, PhD; Fred C. Tenover, PhD; Efrain M. Ribot, PhD; Frederick J. Angulo, DVM, PhD

JAMA. 2000;284:3151-3156.

Context  Ceftriaxone, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, is an antimicrobial agent commonly used to treat severe Salmonella infections, especially in children. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections have recently been reported in the United States, but the extent of the problem is unknown.

Objectives  To summarize national surveillance data for ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States and to describe mechanisms of resistance.

Design and Setting  Case series and laboratory evaluation of human isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 17 state and community health departments participating in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria between 1996 and 1998.

Patients  Patients with ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections between 1996 and 1998 were interviewed and isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility were further characterized.

Main Outcome Measures  Exposures and illness outcomes, mechanisms of resistance.

Results  The prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella was 0.1% (1 of 1326) in 1996, 0.4% (5 of 1301) in 1997, and 0.5% (7 of 1466) in 1998. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients with ceftriaxone-resistant infections were aged 18 years or younger. The patients lived in 8 states (California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, and Oregon). Nine (82%) of 11 patients interviewed did not take antimicrobial agents and 10 (91%) did not travel outside the United States before illness onset. Twelve of the 15 Salmonella isolates with ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 µg/mL or higher were serotype Typhimurium but these isolates had different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Thirteen of these 15 isolates collected between 1996 and 1998 were positive for a 631–base pair polymerase chain reaction product obtained by using primers specific for the ampC gene of Citrobacter freundii.

Conclusions  Domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella has emerged in the United States. Most ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates had similar AmpC plasmid-mediated resistance.

Author Affiliations: Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases (Drs Dunne, Barrett, Rasheed, Ribot, and Angulo, and Mr Holland and Ms Stamey) and Hospital Infections Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Laboratory Branch (Dr Tenover), National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga; Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Fey); Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston (Ms Kludt); Los Angeles County Health Department, Los Angeles, Calif (Dr Reporter); New York City Department of Health, New York, NY (Dr Mostashari); Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (Ms Shillam); Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul (Ms Wicklund); and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (Ms Miller).

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