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Does This Patient Have a Torn Meniscus or Ligament of the Knee?
Value of the Physical Examination
Daniel H. Solomon, MD, MPH;
David L. Simel, MD, MHS;
David W. Bates, MD, MSc;
Jeffrey N. Katz, MD, MSc;
Jonathan L. Schaffer, MD, MBA
JAMA. 2001;286:1610-1620.
Context While most meniscal or ligamentous knee injuries heal with nonoperative treatments, a subset should be treated with arthroscopic or open surgery.
Objective To analyze the accuracy of the clinical examination for meniscal or ligamentous knee injuries.
Data Sources MEDLINE (1966-December 31, 2000) and HealthSTAR (1975-December 31, 2000) databases were searched for English-language articles describing the diagnostic accuracy of individual examination items for the knee and a combination of physical examination items (composite examination). Other data sources included reference lists from relevant articles.
Study Selection Studies selected for data extraction were those that compared the performance of the physical examination of the knee with a reference standard, such as arthroscopy, arthrotomy, or magnetic resonance imaging. Eighty-eight articles were identified, of which 23 (26%) met inclusion criteria.
Data Extraction A rheumatologist and an orthopedic surgeon independently reviewed each article using a standardized rating scale that scored the assembly of the study, the relevance of the patients enrolled, the appropriateness of the reference standard, and the blinding of the examiner.
Data Synthesis Summary likelihood ratios (LRs) were estimated from random effects models. The summary LRs for physical examination for tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, using the anterior drawer test, were 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-22.0) for a positive examination and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.05-1.50) for a negative examination; the Lachman test, 25.0 (95% CI, 2.7-651.0) and 0.1 (95% CI, 0.0-0.4); and the composite assessment, 25.0 (95% CI, 2.1-306.0) and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01-0.48), respectively. The LRs could not be generated for any specific examination maneuver for a posterior cruciate ligament tear, but the composite assessment had an LR of 21.0 (95% CI, 2.1-205.0) for a positive examination and 0.05 (95% CI, 0.01-0.50) for a negative examination. Determination of meniscal lesions, using McMurray test, had an LR of 1.3 (95% CI, 0.9-1.7) for a positive examination and 0.8 (95% CI, 0.6-1.1) for a negative examination; joint line tenderness, 0.9 (95% CI, 0.8-1.0) and 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0-1.3); and the composite assessment, 2.7 (95% CI, 1.4-5.1) and 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2-0.7), respectively.
Conclusion The composite examination for specific meniscal or ligamentous injuries of the knee performed much better than specific maneuvers, suggesting that synthesis of a group of examination maneuvers and historical items may be required for adequate diagnosis.
Author Affiliations: Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Robert B. Brigham Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Center (Drs Solomon and Katz), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics (Dr Solomon), Division of General Medicine, Departments of Medicine (Dr Bates), and Orthopedic Surgery (Dr Schaffer), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Dr Simel). Dr Schaffer is now with The Cleveland Clinic.
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RELATED LETTER
Physical Examination of Knee Injuries
Joseph Bernstein, E. M. Heintjes, S. M. A. Bierma, R. M. D. Bernsen, Gerard A. Malanga, Daniel H. Solomon, Jeffrey N. Katz, David W. Bates, and Jonathan L. Schaffer
JAMA. 2002;287(1):40-41.
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JAMA. 2001;286(13):1649-1650.
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