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Remissions in Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology
A STAR*D-Child Report
Myrna M. Weissman, PhD;
Daniel J. Pilowsky, MD, MPH;
Priya J. Wickramaratne, PhD;
Ardesheer Talati, PhD;
Stephen R. Wisniewski, PhD;
Maurizio Fava, MD;
Carroll W. Hughes, PhD;
Judy Garber, PhD;
Erin Malloy, MD;
Cheryl A. King, PhD;
Gabrielle Cerda, MD;
A. Bela Sood, MD;
Jonathan E. Alpert, MD, PhD;
Madhukar H. Trivedi, MD;
A. John Rush, MD; for the STAR*D-Child Team
JAMA. 2006;295:1389-1398.
Context Children of depressed parents have high rates of anxiety, disruptive, and depressive disorders that begin early, often continue into adulthood, and are impairing.
Objective To determine whether effective treatment with medication of women with major depression is associated with reduction of symptoms and diagnoses in their children.
Design Assessments of children whose depressed mothers were being treated with medication as part of the multicenter Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial conducted (between December 16, 2001 and April 24, 2004) in broadly representative primary and psychiatric outpatient practices. Children were assessed by a team of evaluators not involved in maternal treatment and unaware of maternal outcomes. Study is ongoing with cases followed at 3-month intervals.
Setting and Patients One hundred fifty-one mother-child pairs in 8 primary care and 11 psychiatric outpatient clinics across 7 regional centers in the United States. Children were aged 7 to 17 years.
Main Outcome Measures Child diagnoses based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; child symptoms based on the Child Behavior Checklist; child functioning based on the Child Global Assessment Scale in mothers whose depression with treatment remitted with a score of 7 or lower or whose depression did not remit with a score higher than 7 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
Results Remission of maternal depression after 3 months of medication treatment was significantly associated with reductions in the children's diagnoses and symptoms. There was an overall 11% decrease in rates of diagnoses in children of mothers whose depression remitted compared with an approximate 8% increase in rates of diagnoses in children of mothers whose depression did not. This rate difference remained statistically significant after controlling for the child's age and sex, and possible confounding factors (P = .01). Of the children with a diagnosis at baseline, remission was reported in 33% of those whose mothers' depression remitted compared with only a 12% remission rate among children of mothers whose depression did not remit. All children of mothers whose depression remitted after treatment and who themselves had no baseline diagnosis for depression remained free of psychiatric diagnoses at 3 months, whereas 17% of the children whose mothers remained depressed acquired a diagnosis. Findings were similar using child symptoms as an outcome. Greater level of maternal response was associated with fewer current diagnoses and symptoms in the children, and a maternal response of at least 50% was required to detect an improvement in the child.
Conclusions Remission of maternal depression has a positive effect on both mothers and their children, whereas mothers who remain depressed may increase the rates of their children's disorders. These findings support the importance of vigorous treatment for depressed mothers in primary care or psychiatric clinics and suggest the utility of evaluating the children, especially children whose mothers continue to be depressed.
Author Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Drs Weissman, Pilowsky, and Wickramaratne) and Columbia University, New York (Dr Talati); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Drs Hughes, Rush, and Trivedi); Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn (Dr Garber); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Dr Malloy); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Dr King); Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego (Dr Cerda); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Dr Bela Sood); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (Drs Alpert and Fava); and Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa (Dr Wisniewski).
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