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Prediction of MLH1 and MSH2 Mutations in Lynch Syndrome
Judith Balmaña, MD;
David H. Stockwell, MD, MPH;
Ewout W. Steyerberg, PhD;
Elena M. Stoffel, MD, MPH;
Amie M. Deffenbaugh, BS;
Julia E. Reid, MStat;
Brian Ward, PhD;
Thomas Scholl, PhD;
Brant Hendrickson, MS;
John Tazelaar, MD;
Lynn Anne Burbidge, BS;
Sapna Syngal, MD, MPH
JAMA. 2006;296:1469-1478.
Context Lynch syndrome is caused primarily by mutations in the mismatch repair genes MLH1 and MSH2.
Objectives To analyze MLH1/MSH2 mutation prevalence in a large cohort of patients undergoing genetic testing and to develop a clinical model to predict the likelihood of finding a mutation in at-risk patients.
Design, Setting, and Participants Personal and family history were obtained for 1914 unrelated probands who submitted blood samples starting in the year 2000 for full gene sequencing of MLH1/MSH2. Genetic analysis was performed using a combination of sequence analysis and Southern blotting. A multivariable model was developed using logistic regression in an initial cohort of 898 individuals and subsequently prospectively validated in 1016 patients. The complex model that we have named PREMM1,2 (Prediction of Mutations in MLH1 and MSH2) was developed into a Web-based tool that incorporates personal and family history of cancer and adenomas.
Main Outcome Measure Deleterious mutations in MLH1/MSH2 genes.
Results Overall, 14.5% of the probands (130/898) carried a pathogenic mutation (MLH1, 6.5%; MSH2, 8.0%) in the development cohort and 15.3% (155/1016) in the validation cohort, with 42 (27%) of the latter being large rearrangements. Strong predictors of mutations included proband characteristics (presence of colorectal cancer, especially  2 separate diagnoses, or endometrial cancer) and family history (especially the number of first-degree relatives with colorectal or endometrial cancer). Age at diagnosis was particularly important for colorectal cancer. The multivariable model discriminated well at external validation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.84).
Conclusions Personal and family history characteristics can accurately predict the outcome of genetic testing in a large population at risk of Lynch syndrome. The PREMM1,2 model provides clinicians with an objective, easy-to-use tool to estimate the likelihood of finding mutations in the MLH1/MSH2 genes and may guide the strategy for molecular evaluation.
Author Affiliations: Population Sciences Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Drs Balmaña, Steyerberg, Stoffel, and Syngal), and Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Drs Stockwell, Stoffel, and Syngal), Boston, Mass; Center for Medical Decision Making, Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Steyerberg); and Myriad Genetic Laboratories Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah (Mss Deffenbaugh, Reid, and Burbidge, Drs Ward, Scholl, and Tazelaar, and Mr Hendrickson). Dr Balmaña is currently with the Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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